4.2

What is a Literature Review?

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Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this chapter, you will be able to:

  • Recognize how information is created and how it evolves over time;
  • Identify how the information cycle impacts the reliability of the information;
  • Select information sources appropriate to information need.

Overview of information

Because a literature review is a summary and analysis of the relevant publications on a topic, we first have to understand what is meant by ‘the literature’.  In this case, ‘the literature’ is a collection of all of the relevant written sources on a topic.  It will include both theoretical and empirical works.  Both types provide scope and depth to a literature review.

Disciplines of knowledge

When drawing boundaries around an idea, topic, or subject area, it helps to think about how and where the information for the field is produced. For this, you need to identify the disciplines of knowledge production in a subject area.

Information does not exist in the environment like some kind of raw material. It is produced by individuals working within a particular field of knowledge who use specific methods for generating new information. Disciplines are knowledge-producing and -disseminating systems which consume, produce, and disseminate knowledge. Looking through a  course catalog of a post-secondary educational institution gives clues to the structure of a discipline structure. Fields such as political science, biology, history and mathematics are unique disciplines, as are education and nursing, with their own logic for how and where new knowledge is introduced and made accessible.

You will need to become comfortable with identifying the disciplines that might contribute information to any search strategy. When you do this, you will also learn how to decode the way how people talk about a topic within a discipline. This will be useful to you when you begin a  review of the literature in your area of study.

For example, think about the disciplines that might contribute information a the topic such as  the role of sports in society. Try to anticipate the type of perspective each discipline might have on the topic. Consider the following types of questions as you examine what different disciplines might contribute:

What would be some key questions or issues related to the topic in education?

We see that a single topic can be approached from many different perspectives depending on how the disciplinary boundaries are drawn and how the topic is framed. This step of the research process requires you to make some decisions early on to focus the topic on a manageable and appropriate scope for the rest of the strategy (Hansen & Paul, 2015 [https://edtechbooks.org/-MUq]).

‘The literature’ consists of the published works that document a scholarly conversation in a field of study. You will find, in ‘the literature,’ documents that explain the background of your topic so the reader knows where you found loose ends in the established research of the field and what led you to your own project.  Although your own literature review will focus on primary, peer-reviewed resources, it will begin by first grounding yourself in background subject information generally found in secondary and tertiary sources such as books and encyclopedias.  Once you have that essential overview, you delve into the seminal literature of the field. As a result, while your literature review may consist of research articles tightly focused on your topic with secondary and tertiary sources used more sparingly, all three types of information (primary, secondary, tertiary) are critical to your research.

Definitions

‘The literature’ is published in books, journal articles, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations.  It can also be found in newspapers, encyclopedias, textbooks, as well as websites and reports written by government agencies and professional organizations. While these formats may contain what we define as ‘the literature’, not all of it will be appropriate for inclusion in your own literature review.

These sources are found through different tools that we will discuss later in this section. Although a discovery tool, such as a database or catalog, may link you to the ‘the literature’ not every tool is appropriate to every literature review.  No single source will have all of the information resources you should consult.  A comprehensive literature review should include searches in the following:

Information Cycle

To get a better idea of how the literature in a discipline develops, it’s useful to see how the information publication lifecycle works.  These distinct stages show how information is created, reviewed, and distributed over time.

The following chart can be used to guide you in searching literature existing at various stages of the scholarly communication process (freely accessible sources are linked, subscription or subscribed sources are listed but not linked):

Guide to searching for literature at various stages of the scholarly communication process
Steps in the Scholarly Communication Process Publication Cycle Access Points
Research and develop idea Unpublished documents such as lab notebooks, personal correspondence, graphs, charts, grant proposals, and other ‘grey literature’ Limited access

Google Scholar [http://scholar.google.com/]

HSRR [https://edtechbooks.org/-CjC] (Health Services and Sciences Research Resources)

RePORTER [https://edtechbooks.org/-CMV] (Database of NIH funded research projects)

Institute of Education Sciences [https://ies.ed.gov/]

Present preliminary findings Preliminary reports: letters to the editor or journals, brief (short) communication submitted to a primary journal PubMed [https://edtechbooks.org/-XJr] (limiting search results to Letter under Limits)

Web of Science (Science Citation Index)

Report research Conference literature: preprints, conference proceedings PapersFirst

ProceedingsFirst

Conference web sites

Preprint services [https://osf.io/preprints/]

  Research reports: master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, interim or technical reports Dissertations & Theses [https://edtechbooks.org/-GkG]

British Library EThOS [http://ethos.bl.uk/]

Theses Canada Portal [https://edtechbooks.org/-vBz]

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center [http://etd.ohiolink.edu/]

PubMed [https://edtechbooks.org/-XJr](limiting search results to Technical Report under Limits)

Current Grey Literature Report [https://edtechbooks.org/-Weq]

Professional association web sites

OpenDOAR [http://www.opendoar.org/]

Publish research Research paper (scholarly journal articles): research papers published in peer-reviewed/refereed journals PubMed [https://edtechbooks.org/-XJr]

CINAHL

PsycINFO

Web of Science

ERIC [https://eric.ed.gov/]

Popularize research findings Newspapers, popular magazines, TV news reports, trade publications, web sites PubMed [https://edtechbooks.org/-XJr] (limiting search results to News and Newspaper Article under Limits)

Media outlets

Internet search engines

Compact and repackage information Reviews, systematic reviews, guidelines, textbooks, handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias Cochrane Library [https://edtechbooks.org/-vzc]

Library Catalogs

WorldCat [https://www.worldcat.org/]

shows a continuous circle containing six bubbles that illustrate how an idea for a research study proceeds through evaluation for quality by peers to publication. After publication, the study is disseminated in print or electronic form and accessed through libraries, vendors, and the web. Preservation and reuse make up the remaining bubbles.

Information Types

To continue our discussion of information sources, there are two ways published information in the field can be categorized:

Popular, Trade, or Scholarly publications

Types of Periodicals

Journals, trade publications, and magazines are all periodicals, and articles from these publications they can all look similar article by article when you are searching in the databases. It is good to review the differences and think about when to use information from each type of periodical.

Magazines

A magazine is a collection of articles and images about diverse topics of popular interest and current events.

Features of magazines:

magazine cover

Popular magazines like Psychology Today, Sports Illustrated, and Rolling Stone can be good sources for articles on recent events or pop-culture topics, while Harpers, Scientific American, and The New Republic will offer more in-depth articles on a wider range of subjects. These articles are geared towards readers who, although not experts, are knowledgeable about the issues presented.

Trade Publications

Trade publications or trade journals are periodicals directed to members of a specific profession. They often have information about industry trends and practical information for people working in the field.

Features of trade publications:

trade publication cover

Trade publications are geared towards professionals in a discipline. They report news and trends in a field, but not original research. They may provide product or service reviews, job listings, and advertisements.

Scholarly, Academic, and Scientific Publications

Scholarly, academic, and scientific publications are a collections of articles written by scholars in an academic or professional field. Most journals are peer-reviewed or refereed, which means a panel of scholars reviews articles to decide if they should be accepted into a specific publication. Journal articles are the main source of information for researchers and for literature reviews.

Features of journals:

journal cover

Scholarly journals provider articles of interest to experts or researchers in a discipline. An editorial board of respected scholars (peers) reviews all articles submitted to a journal. They decide if the article provides a noteworthy contribution to the field and should be published. There are typically few  little or no advertisements. Articles published in scholarly journals will include a list of references.

A word about open access journals

Increasingly, scholars are publishing findings and original research in open access journals.  Open access journals are scholarly and peer-reviewed and open access publishers provide unrestricted access and unrestricted use.  Open access is a means of disseminating scholarly research that breaks from the traditional subscription model of academic publishing. It is free of charge to readers and because it is online, it is available at anytime, anywhere in the world, to anyone with access to the internet.  The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ [https://doaj.org/]) indexes and provides access to high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarly articles.

In summary, newspapers and other popular press publications are useful for getting general topic ideas. Trade publications are useful for practical application in a profession and may also be a good source of keywords for future searching. Scholarly journals are the conversation of the scholars who are doing research in a specific discipline and publishing their research findings.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources

Primary sources of information are those types of information that come first. Some examples of primary sources are:

There are different types of primary sources for different disciplines.  In the discipline of history, for example, a diary or transcript of a speech is a primary source.  In education and nursing, primary sources will generally be original research, including data sets.

Secondary sources are written about primary sources to interpret or analyze them. They are a step or more removed from the primary event or item. Some examples of secondary sources are:

Tertiary sources are further removed from the original material and are a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources. Some examples are:

A comparison of information sources across disciplines:

Subject Primary Secondary Tertiary
Education Journal article reporting on quantitative study of after school programs Article in Teacher Magazine about after school programs Handbook of afterschool programming ERIC database
Psychology Patient notes taken by clinical psychologist Magazine article about the patient’s psychological condition Textbook on clinical psychology

Information Sources

In this section, we discuss how to find not only information, but the sources of information in your discipline or topic area.  As we see in the graphic and chart above, the information you need for your literature review will be located in multiple places.  How and where research and publication occurs drives how and where the information is located, which in turn determines how you will discover and retrieve it.  When we talk about information sources for a literature review in education or nursing, we generally mean these five areas: the internet, reference material and other books, empirical or evidence-based articles in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings and papers, dissertations and theses, and grey literature.

Web

The internet can be an excellent place to satisfy some initial research needs.

Books and Reference Sources

Reference materials and books are available in both print and electronic formats. They provide gateway knowledge to a subject area and are useful at the beginning of the research process to:

Scholarly Articles in Journals

Another major category of information sources is scholarly information produced by subject experts working in academic institutions, research centers, and scholarly organizations. Scholars and researchers generate information that advances our knowledge and understanding of the world. The research they do creates new opportunities for inventions, practical applications, and new approaches to solving problems or understanding issues.

Academics, researchers and students at universities make their contributions to scholarly knowledge available in many forms:

Scholars and researchers introduce their discoveries to the world in a formal system of information dissemination that has developed over centuries. Because scholarly research undergoes a process of “peer review” before being published (meaning that other experts review the work and pass judgment about whether it is worthy of publication), the information you find from scholarly sources meets preset standards for accuracy, credibility and validity in that field.

Likewise, scholarly journal articles are generally considered to be among the most reliable sources of information because they have gone through a peer-review process.

Conference Papers & Proceedings

Conferences are a major source of  emerging research where researchers present papers on their current research and obtain feedback from the audience.  The papers presented in the conference are then usually published in a volume called a conference proceeding.  Conference proceedings highlight current discussion in a discipline and can lead you to scholars who are interested in specific research areas.

A word about conference papers: several factors contribute to making these documents difficult to find.  It may be months before a paper is published as a journal article, or it may never be published.  Publishers and professional associations are inconsistent in how they publish proceedings.  For example, the papers from an annual conference may be published as individual, stand-alone titles, which may be indexed in a library catalog, or the conference proceedings may be treated more like a periodical or serial and, therefore, indexed in a journal database.

It is not unusual that papers delivered at professional conferences are not published in print or electronic form, although an abstract may be available.  In these cases, the full paper may only be available from the author or authors.

The most important thing to remember is that if you have any difficulty finding a conference proceeding or paper, ask a librarian for assistance.

Dissertations and Theses

Dissertations and theses can be rich sources of information and have extensive reference lists to scan for resources. They are considered gray literature, so are not “peer reviewed”. The accuracy and validity of the paper itself may depend on the school that awarded the doctoral or master’s  degree to the author.

Conclusion

In thinking about ‘the literature’ of your discipline, you are beginning the first step in writing your own literature review.  By understanding what the literature in your field is, as well as how and when it is generated, you begin to know what is available and where to look for it.

We briefly discussed seven types of (sometimes overlapping) information:

By conceptualizing or scoping how and where the literature of your discipline or topic area is generated, you have started on your way to writing your own literature review.

illustrates what skills are needed to find what is available on a topic. Students should be able to understand, know, and recognize different types of information, the publication process, issues of accessibility, and what services are available to help them. In this way, students are able to identify different types of information, available search tools, different information formats, and use new tools as they become available.
Information literacy skills

Finally, remember:

“All information sources are not created equal. Sources can vary greatly in terms of how carefully they are researched, written, edited, and reviewed for accuracy. Common sense will help you identify obviously questionable sources, such as tabloids that feature tales of alien abductions, or personal websites with glaring typos. Sometimes, however, a source’s reliability—or lack of it—is not so obvious…You will consider criteria such as the type of source, its intended purpose and audience, the author’s (or authors’) qualifications, the publication’s reputation, any indications of bias or hidden agendas, how current the source is, and the overall quality of the writing, thinking, and design.”  (Writing for Success, 2015, p. 448 [https://edtechbooks.org/-MUq]).

We will cover how to evaluate sources in more detail in a later chapter.

Practice

For each of these information needs, indicate what resources would be the best fit to answer your question. There may be more than one source so don’t feel like you have to limit yourself to only one. See Answer Key for the correct response.

  1. You are to write a brief paper on a theory that you only vaguely understand. You need some basic information. Where would you look?
  2. If you heard something on the radio about a recent research involving an herbal intervention for weight loss where could you find the actual study?
  3. You are going to be doing an internship in a group home for young men. You have heard that one issue that comes up for them is anger. Where would you look for practical interventions to help you manage this problem if it came up?
  4. You have the opportunity to work on a research project through a grant proposal. You need to justify the research question and show that there is an interest and a need for this research. What resources would you cite in your application?
  5. You have been assigned a project to find primary sources about classroom discipline used in early 20th-century schools. What primary sources could you use and where would you find them?
  6. You have an idea for a great thesis but you are afraid that it has been done before. Since you would like to do something original, where could you find out if someone else has done the project?
  7. There was a post on Facebook that welfare recipients in Arizona were recently tested for drug use with only three in 140,000 having positive results. Where can I find out if this number is accurate?

Test Yourself

Question 1

Match the type of periodical to its content

Trade publication
  1. Contains articles about a variety of topics of popular interest; also contains advertising.
  2. Has information about industry trends and practical information for professionals in a field.
  3. Contains articles written by scholars in an academic field and reviewed by experts in that field.
Scholarly journal
  1. Contains articles about a variety of topics of popular interest; also contains advertising.
  2. Has information about industry trends and practical information for professionals in a field.
  3. Contains articles written by scholars in an academic field and reviewed by experts in that field.
Magazine
  1. Contains articles about a variety of topics of popular interest; also contains advertising.
  2. Has information about industry trends and practical information for professionals in a field.
  3. Contains articles written by scholars in an academic field and reviewed by experts in that field.

Question 3

Given what you know about information types and sources, which of the following is the most accurate and reliable.

  1. Books and encyclopedias.
  2. News broadcasts and social media directly following an event.
  3. Analysis of an event in the news media or popular magazine weeks after an event.
  4. Articles written by scholars and published in a journal.

Question 4

Given what you know about information types and sources, which of the following is the least accurate and reliable.

  1. Books and encyclopedias.
  2. News broadcasts and social media directly following an event.
  3. Analysis of an event in the news media or popular magazine weeks after an event.
  4. Articles written by scholars and published in a journal.

Question 5

What is information called that is either a diary, a speech, original research, data, artwork, or a religious book.

  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Empirical

Question 6

To find the best information in the databases you need to use keywords that are used by the scholars. Where do you find out what keywords to try?

  1. From websites
  2. In journal articles
  3. In books

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true about scholarly journals?

  1. They contain the conversation of the scholars on a particular subject.
  2. They are of interest to the general public.
  3. The articles are followed by an extensive reference list.
  4. They contain reports of original research.
Previous Citation(s)
Frederiksen, L., & Phelps, S. F. (n.d.). Literature reviews for education and nursing graduate students. PressBooks. Retrieved from https://press.rebus.community/literaturereviewsedunursing/
Linda Frederiksen

Linda Frederiksen is the Head of Access Services at Washington State University Vancouver.  She has a Master of Library Science degree from Emporia State University in Kansas. Linda is active in local, regional and national organizations, projects and initiatives advancing open educational resources and equitable access to information.

Sue F. Phelps

Sue F. Phelps is the Health Sciences and Outreach Services Librarian at Washington State University Vancouver. Her research interests include information literacy, accessibility of learning materials for students who use adaptive technology, diversity and equity in higher education, and evidence based practice in the health sciences

Royce Kimmons

Brigham Young University

Royce Kimmons is an Associate Professor of Instructional Psychology and Technology at Brigham Young University where he seeks to end the effects of socioeconomic divides on educational opportunities through open education and transformative technology use. He is the founder of EdTechBooks.org, open.byu.edu, and many other sites focused on providing free, high-quality learning resources to all. More information about his work may be found at http://roycekimmons.com, and you may also dialogue with him on Twitter @roycekimmons.

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