Index
Epistemology
- Epistemology, or the study of knowing (Steup, 2005), has been of philosophical interest…
- The history of Epistemology can broadly be summarized as a dialogue between two different…
- … learn by using these methods (Epistemology), and how this whole endeavor connects…
Ethics
- … issues in your work (such as the Ethics of what we do) so that you will help…
- Three Approaches to Normative Ethics
- Virtue Ethics
- Ethics, or the study of rightness, goodness, and morality, exists to help us…
- … of deontological approaches to Ethics?
- Relativistic approaches to Ethics are common in popular culture today and are…
- … consequentialist approaches to Ethics?
- Virtue Ethics focuses on the development and expression of virtues themselves…
- … common approaches to normative Ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue…
- … many deontological approaches to Ethics are commonplace, there are several obvious…
- … difficulty with applying virtue Ethics to professional decision-making is that…
- … must also be willing to approach Ethics normatively to ensure that the morality…
- … statements are examples of virtue Ethics?
- … lay out normative approaches to Ethics and to introduce the problems of moral…
- … over 2,000 years ago, virtue Ethics remains popular and is heavily debated.…
- … to be the fundamental goal of Ethics, it is tempered with an understanding that…
- … parent employing consequentialist Ethics to teach a child about honesty might…
- From this brief introduction to Ethics, it is not surprising that there is so…
- Relativistic vs. Normative Ethics
- … adopted as an international code of Ethics governing research experiments. Some…
- … immoral. Yet, the entire purpose of Ethics is to inform people on how they should…
- Today, virtue Ethics is applied in a variety of professional practices where…
- … agency and intentionality in Ethics is even more difficult to understand with…
- … employs all three approaches to Ethics in a way that attempts to capitalize…
- … morality should guide those methods (Ethics), why our research and the questions…
Methods
- … advanced education on research Methods.
- … quantitative, qualitative, and mixed Methods by Mertens (2020), along with others.…
- … interest and to summarize research Methods and findings in ways that are readily…
- … meanings in mind (favoring certain Methods or focusing on particular problems;…
- … and hypothesis testing are the Methods of choice among scientists, constituting…
- … before and using categories or Methods of analysis provided to it. Without a…
- Unlike non-scientific Methods of inquiry, Popper explained that scientific theories…
- … further, nitpicking the researchers' Methods and trying to find holes in their…
- … would be "unprocurable by other Methods" and the "degree of risk to be taken…
- … that our beliefs, attitudes, and Methods for achieving these aims might be very…
- … deal only with surface-level Methods or methodologies, but will instead attempt…
- … (Figure 1), then the visible Methods we use (e.g., interviews, surveys, randomized…
- … includes both our surface-level Methods as well as the deeper, often hidden,…
- … together on improving standardized Methods if we have not agreed on what learning…
- … differences don't exist when Methods simply look similar.
- … researchers utilize statistical Methods to determine predictive or correlational…
- … matter in determining sampling Methods. Some topics of study might be simpler…
- … will often rely upon sampling Methods that are fast and easy or that allow us…
- Of all the sampling Methods, convenience sampling tends to be the easiest to do,…
- … can question the researcher's Methods, emerging conclusions, and biases. A disinterested…
- … ends) and also that qualitative Methods are the right or best way of achieving…
- … aware of the limits of your own Methods and do not recognize the actual complexity…
- … the established reasoning and Methods proposed in the study. Such deviations…
- … literature), (b) using multiple Methods of data collection, and often (c) conducting…
- … researcher describes his or her Methods, decisions, reasons for doing the study,…
- … should explicitly state so in the Methods sections of their reports and only…
- … the expectation that a study's Methods align with its intended goals. Not all…
- … by which the logic, reasoning, Methods, and results are expected to be stable…
- … drawing on a variety of research Methods that best fit the context. This flexibility…
- … believed that traditional research Methods failed to improve classroom practices,…
- … believed that traditional research Methods failed to improve classroom practices,…
- … 2004; Collins, 1990). Traditional Methods of research generate refined understandings…
- Guidelines for Good Mixed-Methods Research
- Common Mixed-Methods Designs
- 1. Align Methods and Research Questions
- … restrictive word limits, describing the Methods and results of three different…
- Explanatory mixed-Methods design is done when QUAN data is collected first and…
- … strength of doing both qual and quan Methods in the same study is that it allows…
- Triangulated mixed-Methods design, also known as convergent parallel design, is…
- Because mixed-Methods designs differ in temporal order (parallel vs. linear) and…
- Multiphase mixed-Methods design applies iteration to one or more of the aforementioned…
- Transformative mixed-Methods design builds upon one or more of the aforementioned…
- … there are ways of doing mixed Methods well and ways to do it poorly. There is…
- … two ways in which various mixed-Methods approaches may differ from one another:…
- Because qual and quan Methods are used to answer different research questions,…
- Iterative mixed-Methods designs are special cases of linear designs that simply…
- … rise to various paradigms and Methods that can be loosely organized under two…
- Linear mixed-Methods designs, on the other hand, involve sequential steps that…
- Mixed Methods Designs as Determined by Methodological Priority and Temporal Order
- … paradigms undergirding qual and quan Methods are so divergent, it is difficult…
- … aligns research questions with Methods, because if the Methods we are using cannot…
- Exploratory mixed-Methods design is done when QUAL data is collected first and…
- Mixed Methods refers to any research approach that utilizes both qual and quan…
- … addition to temporal order, mixed-Methods designs also vary in the relative importance…
- Though all mixed-Methods studies involve both qual and quan data, how and when…
- … trained in both qual and quan Methods, which means that when they engage in mixed…
- … in studies where QUAN and QUAL Methods are prioritized equally, researchers must…
- Embedded mixed-Methods design is done in any setting where one method is prioritized…
- … utilized and encouraged mixed Methods approaches as they can be useful for solving…
- Parallel mixed-Methods designs involve collecting and analyzing both qual and…
- … of numbers and call it mixed Methods. Similarly, we should not merely do quan…
- … goal of behavioristic teaching Methods is to manipulate the environment of a…
- … nor controlled via scientific Methods and therefore should be ignored when analyzing…
- … world of education regarding Methods of implementation of constructivism. Constructionism,…
- … its environment and peers, the Methods of remembrance adapt. If the child is…
- … of practice and inquiry-based Methods, which enculturate learners into the community…
- … associated with instructional design Methods. These Methods traditionally rely…
- … have been forced to develop new Methods of deploying instruction.”
- … spanning multiple paradigms, Methods, and research topics.
- Methods
- … civility more robust qualitative Methods are necessary in future research. Though…
- … quantitative, and qualitative Methods to answer the research questions. We describe…
- … of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (pp. 79–86).…
- … to this topic, we describe the Methods used, present our findings, and conclude…
- … different fields with varying Methods, all of these studies paint a dismal picture…
- This mixed Methods study primarily operated from a positivist paradigm and used…
- … supplements do not make this mixed Methods, because the quantitative data are…
- … is rendered worthless by new Methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited…
- … weapons, etc., they use the same Methods to scare away the comet. To us, the…
- … stand as sponsors for educational Methods which an adequate conception of knowledge…
- … dialectic, and authoritative Methods of forming beliefs which have governed the…
- … administration, curriculum, and Methods of instruction of the school is the extent…
- … organic connection between the Methods and materials of knowledge and moral growth,…
Qualitative
- … and evaluating quantitative and Qualitative research by Creswell & Guetterman (2018)…
- … and evaluating quantitative and Qualitative research (third edition). Upper Saddle…
- … numbers of people benefitted or the Qualitative nature of the benefit (Driver, 2014).…
- In contrast, a Qualitative researcher might attempt to understand what minoritized…
- … both the quantitative and the Qualitative researcher are loosely working in the realm…
- … research. We will not treat "Qualitative" and "quantitative" as paradigms, because…
- … difference between "quantitative" and "Qualitative" education researchers cannot…
- … heard of the “quantitative vs. Qualitative” distinction in education research,…
- … research question. A hallmark of Qualitative methodologies, purposeful sampling takes…
- … meaningful ends) and also that Qualitative methods are the right or best way of achieving…
- Because Qualitative studies are not designed to be generalizable like quantitative…
- Because Qualitative inquiry is messy, relies on relatively few participant accounts,…
- … true for all research, not just Qualitative inquiry. There should be a rationale…
- … specific criteria of quality. In Qualitative methodologies, this rigor typically…
- … desire most people have for truth. Qualitative researchers agree that most claims…
- … that researchers might approach Qualitative research with a means-oriented mindset,…
- Credibility is the standard by which a Qualitative study is expected to be believable…
- … simply the records kept of how a Qualitative study was conducted. The audit trail…
- … There is no set amount of time a Qualitative inquiry should last, but the proper…
- In other words, the Qualitative researcher should consider whether their findings,…
- … following are rigor requirements in Qualitative research?
- … should follow ethical guidelines, Qualitative research places an especially high…
- … critical characteristics of a Qualitative study: the type of understanding that can…
- … hypotheses are simply confirmed, then Qualitative inquiry probably is not the appropriate…
- Yet, given sufficient detail, Qualitative studies can provide insight into what is…
- Confirmability is the standard by which a Qualitative study is expected to be supported…
- … which might not, and the rigorous Qualitative researcher provides readers with sufficient…
- In all Qualitative research, the researcher is responsible for revealing their biases…
- … extensive process, the resulting Qualitative inquiry report is considered very credible.…
- This does not mean that Qualitative research results must always agree with all other…
- … and so forth. By doing this, Qualitative researchers can better establish the rigor…
- … will be more convinced that the Qualitative inquiry itself is credible.
- … all research is or should be Qualitative. If the needs call for it and the researcher…
- … check the dependability of a Qualitative study, one looks to see if the researcher…
- 2. Abide by Both Qualitative and Quantitative Standards of Rigor
- … and evaluating quantitative and Qualitative research (third edition). Upper Saddle…
- … attention to expectations of Qualitative rigor (e.g., negative case analysis). In…
- … under two broad categories of Qualitative (qual) and quantitative (quan) research.…
- … supportive role, standards of Qualitative rigor are emphasized as being of utmost…
- … note here that more in-depth Qualitative analysis of the results presented here may…
- … harassment, and civility more robust Qualitative methods are necessary in future…
- … data mining, quantitative, and Qualitative methods to answer the research questions.…
- … creators more than the masses. Like Qualitative researchers, content creators may…
- … sentiment. The study also lightly used Qualitative elements by relying upon human…
- … theory: A practical guide through Qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage…
- The purpose of this Qualitative study was to understand whether certain theoretical…
- Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd…
- This Qualitative study is interpretivist in nature, because it relies upon the researchers'…
- The current "basic Qualitative study" was designed "to understand how people make…
Quantitative
- … Planning, conducting, and evaluating Quantitative and qualitative research by Creswell…
- … Planning, conducting, and evaluating Quantitative and qualitative research (third…
- An example of this might be a Quantitative researcher attempting to construct a hierarchical…
- In this case, both the Quantitative and the qualitative researcher are loosely working…
- … not treat "qualitative" and "Quantitative" as paradigms, because these terms deal…
- Thus, the difference between "Quantitative" and "qualitative" education researchers…
- … you may have heard of the “Quantitative vs. qualitative” distinction in education…
- … under the terms numerical or Quantitative data. Interval data are like temperature…
- … designed to be generalizable like Quantitative studies, their results should never…
- … Abide by Both Qualitative and Quantitative Standards of Rigor
- … supportive role, standards of Quantitative rigor are emphasized as being of utmost…
- … Planning, conducting, and evaluating Quantitative and qualitative research (third…
- … are meeting the expectations of Quantitative rigor necessary for generalizability,…
- … (e.g., testing an intervention Quantitatively) as each step informs the next.
- … categories of qualitative (qual) and Quantitative (quan) research. Qualitative generally…
- … web extraction, data mining, Quantitative, and qualitative methods to answer the research…
- … positivist paradigm and used Quantitative analysis via structural equation modeling…
- … this mixed methods, because the Quantitative data are only provided descriptively…
Sampling
- Sampling
- … sample is called simple random Sampling (SRS). Simple random Sampling means that…
- Random Sampling
- Purposeful Sampling
- Convenience Sampling
- … treated as subjects. It is not a Sampling strategy per se but is rather any study…
- The major benefit of cluster Sampling is feasibility because it allows researchers…
- How we go about Sampling is very important and will be dependent upon a variety…
- … education require some form of Sampling. Because you can't always study everyone…
- … to be valid. This would mean Sampling from all three types of schools until you…
- Snowball Sampling selects a small number of initial subjects and then gradually…
- … moderate approach, intensity Sampling also tries to account for a diversity of…
- Before choosing a Sampling method, you should consider at least two aspects of…
- … ignored altogether because the Sampling procedure did not take into account the…
- Stratified Sampling selects subjects from different groups, levels, or strata in…
- … another set of lesson plans, Sampling a large enough number to generalize to the…
- Convenience Sampling consists of studying those who are close to us or who are…
- PPS Sampling is superior to simple random Sampling when key a priori strata are…
- … if convenience or purposeful Sampling is utilized in a study, then generalization…
- Quota Sampling selects fixed or equivalent numbers of subjects from predetermined…
- Simple random Sampling selects subjects from the target population without consideration…
- … results derived from convenience Sampling will typically not meet rigor expectations…
- Most applications of cluster Sampling are geographic in nature when researchers…
- Four Common Non-Random-Sampling Strategies with Examples
- Cluster Sampling selects subjects from organic groups or clusters of the population…
- Four Common Random-Sampling Strategies with Examples
- The strength of informant Sampling is that it allows us to develop a deep understanding…
- … knowledge and social networks as Sampling tools and is very useful for gaining…
- Stratified Sampling is preferable to simple random Sampling when you want to be…
- … questions matter in determining Sampling methods. Some topics of study might be…
- Extreme case Sampling selects subjects from opposite ends or contradictory sides…
- … employ at least four common random-Sampling strategies for doing this well. These…
- … then we will often rely upon Sampling methods that are fast and easy or that allow…
- Quota Sampling is useful if researchers have a priori categories of analysis that…
- Informant Sampling selects subjects based upon their expertise or ability to provide…
- … provides clear benefits to other Sampling procedures, because you can avoid Sampling…
- Purposeful Sampling consists of selecting subjects specifically out of a population…
- … I'll explain four basic types of Sampling — convenience, purposeful, random,…
- … research is different, and our Sampling method should reflect this intended goal.
- Random Sampling consists of selecting a sufficient number of subjects at random…
- Of all the Sampling methods, convenience Sampling tends to be the easiest to do,…
- … research questions, then quota Sampling is less useful. In the example of racially…
- Like stratified Sampling, probability-proportional-to-size (or PPS) Sampling (also…
- … and observing, then we can use Sampling approaches that take a broader view, such…
- … how to proceed with the study, Sampling decisions, ethical concerns, and so on.
- Sampling bias
- … randomization, representative Sampling, and significance testing.
Truth
- Scientific Terms for Truth-Seeking
- … carries with it a connotation of Truth but represents a trickier case than…
- Half of a Truth is often a great lie. (Benjamin Franklin)
- … of the following terms imply Truth (i.e., if a purported ______ is proven wrong,…
- … the difficulty of ascertaining Truth, and others have intentionally used the…
- … more complicated relationship to Truth than laws or facts might. Because of…
- … with knowing, knowledge, and Truth-seeking, it is not surprising that we all…
- … these problems of knowing and Truth are of paramount importance when moving…
- … believe to be true or even what Truth is, there seem to be some commonalities…
- … predictions are not accurate, then the Truth of the law is called into question.…
- … prevent us from arriving at the Truth, and different strategies are used to…
- … paradigm approaches knowledge, Truth, errors, and Truth-seeking differently.…
- … used in the realms of knowing, Truth-seeking, and science so that we can have…
- … observe the world, or facts or Truths in it, and have an accurate knowledge…
- … carries with it a connotation of Truth. Thus, a statement like "it was 103…
- … this regard, scientists approach Truth by focusing on errors and error likelihood,…
- … fact in isolation relates to Truths that are more universal or that actually…
- … of making claims on absolute Truth or the world as it objectively exists, but…
- … expect to have some level of Truth to them or that we hope will help us to…
- … and contextual relationship to Truth but that theories also have a larger scope…
- … unreasonable mechanisms for determining Truth, essentially disbelieving everything…
- … hypothesis testing can only yield Truth claims that are tentative (e.g., “we…
- … so we rely upon mechanisms of Truth-seeking and a variety of notions related…
- … have to be able to evaluate the Truth or falsity of purported facts and laws,…
- Truth and Error
- … ostensibly until they encompass all Truth.
- … on to question the potential Truth-value of theories altogether, making irrationality…
- … consensus fallacy is obvious: the Truth of any claim has nothing to do with…
- … will still generally tell the Truth but will do so with consideration for complexities…
- … the child learning to tell the Truth, might there be situations when telling…
- … 2019). To connect back to the Truth-telling example above, a parent employing…
- … acting. The child telling the Truth might not know the effect it will have…
- … is always better to tell the Truth." By teaching this to a child, it is anticipated…
- … different wrappers on the same box of Truth. Paradigms do not need to work…
- … never be framed as universal Truths or as conclusions that are true in all…
- … the desire most people have for Truth. Qualitative researchers agree that most…
- Although I am fully convinced of the Truth of the views given in this volume…
- … of structure or instinct. The Truth of these propositions cannot, I think,…
- The obvious Truth is that the moment any matter has passed through the human…
- … greater than they know. For in Truth these men do something far more god-like…
- … popular, because it tells the Truth about people. If the ruin of Samson by…
- … material commodities in a warehouse. Truth exists ready-made somewhere. Study…
- … intelligence in apprehending facts and Truths, - except perhaps the single…
- … change and conserve received Truth emphasize the universal and the fixed -…
- … "moral" in an emphatic sense—Truthfulness, honesty, chastity, amiability,…
- … only in its own narrow line. In Truth, the problem of moral education in the…