General College Chemistry
Foreword
Unit I. Atoms
1. Introduction
2. Matter
3. Measurement
4. The Atom
5. Periodic Table
6. Moles & Mass
7. Light
8. Blackbody Radiation, Photoelectric Effect
9. Atomic Spectra, Bohr Model
10. Orbitals & Quantum Numbers
11. Electron Configurations
12. Periodic Trends
Unit II. Molecules
13. Bonding
14. Nomenclature
15. Lewis Structures Part 1
16. Lewis Structures Part 2
17. Molecular Shape
18. Polarity
19. Organic Molecules
20. Isomers
21. Valence Bond Theory
22. Molecular Orbital Theory
Unit III. Interactions
23. Pressure & Gas Laws
24. Combined & Ideal Gas Laws
25. Dalton's Law, Graham's Law, Henry's Law
26. Kinetic Molecular Theory, Real Gases
27. Intermolecular Forces
28. Properties of Water
29. Applications of IMF
30. Phase Diagrams
Unit IV. Reactions
31. Stoichiometry
32. Limiting Reactants, % Yield
33. % Composition, Empirical Formulas
34. Energy, Heat, and Work
35. Calorimetry Part 1
36. Calorimetry Part 2
37. Enthalpy Part 1
38. Enthalpy Part 2
39. Entropy
40. Gibb's Free Energy
41. Climate and Human Impacts
Images
References
Download
Translations
Sign in or register
Pressure & Gas Laws
Choose a Sign-in Option
Download
Back to Downloads
HTML can be useful for transferring content to other online publishing platforms, typically by copy/pasting to the new platform.
<h2 id="h2_wIiD" class="" name="h2_wIiD">23.1 Gas Pressure</h2><div id="1" class="ui-has-child-title callout objectives" data-type="abstract"><header class=""><h3 class="" data-type="title" id="h3_kbmF" name="h3_kbmF">Learning Objectives</h3></header><p id="para-00001" class="" name="para-00001">By the end of this section, you will be able to:</p><ul id="list-00001" class="" name="list-00001"><li id="li_DNvP" class="" name="li_DNvP">Define the property of pressure</li><li id="li_Ecsa" class="" name="li_Ecsa">Define and convert among the units of pressure measurements</li><li id="li_qcBD" class="" name="li_qcBD">Describe the operation of common tools for measuring gas pressure</li><li id="li_Mewx" class="" name="li_Mewx">Calculate pressure from manometer data</li></ul></div><p id="fs-idm2965936" class="" name="fs-idm2965936">The earth’s atmosphere exerts a pressure, as does any other gas. Although we do not normally notice atmospheric pressure, we are sensitive to pressure changes—for example, when your ears “pop” during take-off and landing while flying, or when you dive underwater. Gas pressure is caused by the force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure1">Figure 23.1</a>). Although the force of each collision is very small, any surface of appreciable area experiences a large number of collisions in a short time, which can result in a high pressure. In fact, normal air pressure is strong enough to crush a metal container when not balanced by equal pressure from inside the container.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure1" class="os-figure"><p id="p_xbFm" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_xbFm"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.1</span></p><p id="p_Amjs" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_Amjs">The atmosphere above us exerts a large pressure on objects at the surface of the earth, roughly equal to the weight of a bowling ball pressing on an area the size of a human thumbnail.</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure1"><span id="fs-idp16369520" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="The left side of this figure includes a graphic of the earth with an inverted rectangular prism extending from a point on it. Near the top of the image, the label, “square inch column of air molecules” is connected to the prism with a line segment. This label is also connected with a line segment to a downward pointing arrow at the right side of the figure. Beneath the arrow is a red circle labeled, “atmospheric pressure.” A narrow rectangle with a dashed line border extends from the bottom of the arrow vertically through the circle. Directly beneath this rectangle at the lower edge of the circle is a hand with a thumb appearing to be resting on a tabletop. The thumb is connected with a line segment to the label, “14.7 lbs of pressure on 1 square inch.” The red circle is sitting on top of the thumb."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_1.jpg" alt="The left side of this figure includes a graphic of the earth with an inverted rectangular prism extending from a point on it. Near the top of the image, the label, “square inch column of air molecules” is connected to the prism with a line segment. This label is also connected with a line segment to a downward pointing arrow at the right side of the figure. Beneath the arrow is a red circle labeled, “atmospheric pressure.” A narrow rectangle with a dashed line border extends from the bottom of the arrow vertically through the circle. Directly beneath this rectangle at the lower edge of the circle is a hand with a thumb appearing to be resting on a tabletop. The thumb is connected with a line segment to the label, “14.7 lbs of pressure on 1 square inch.” The red circle is sitting on top of the thumb." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_svqT" name="img_svqT" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_1.jpg"></span></figure></div><div id="fs-idm5657392" class="chemistry link-to-learning ui-has-child-title callout info" data-type="note"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" data-type="title" id="h3_EGbp" name="h3_EGbp"><span class="os-title-label">Link to Learning</span></h3></header><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idp139792368" class="" name="fs-idp139792368">A dramatic illustration of atmospheric pressure is provided in this brief video, which shows a railway tanker car imploding when its internal pressure is decreased.</p><p class="" style="text-align: center;" name="p_atmb" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"></p><figure class="col-12"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz95_VvTxZM&autoplay=1" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz95_VvTxZM&autoplay=1" data-mce-selected="inline-boundary"><img class="img-fluid" id="YT_Zz95_VvTxZM" data-youtube-thumbnail-style="hq" src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/Zz95_VvTxZM/hqdefault.jpg" data-mce-src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/Zz95_VvTxZM/hqdefault.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-mce-style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-mce-selected="1"></a><figcaption class="text-center"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz95_VvTxZM&autoplay=1" rel="noopener" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz95_VvTxZM&autoplay=1">Watch on YouTube</a></figcaption></figure><p id="fs-idm26057840" class="" name="fs-idm26057840">You can watch an explanation of this phenomenon in the next video.</p><p class="" style="text-align: center;" name="p_FvrA" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"></p><figure class="col-12"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5_ho2sc0fc&autoplay=1" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5_ho2sc0fc&autoplay=1"><img class="img-fluid" id="YT_c5_ho2sc0fc" data-youtube-thumbnail-style="max" src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/c5_ho2sc0fc/maxresdefault.jpg" data-mce-src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/c5_ho2sc0fc/maxresdefault.jpg"></a><figcaption class="text-center"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5_ho2sc0fc&autoplay=1" rel="noopener" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5_ho2sc0fc&autoplay=1">Watch on YouTube</a></figcaption></figure></div></div><p id="fs-idm5227120" class="" name="fs-idm5227120">Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the column of air molecules in the atmosphere above an object, such as the tanker car. At sea level, this pressure is roughly the same as that exerted by a full-grown African elephant standing on a doormat, or a typical bowling ball resting on your thumbnail. These may seem like huge amounts, and they are, but life on earth has evolved under such atmospheric pressure. If you actually perch a bowling ball on your thumbnail, the pressure experienced is<em class="" data-effect="italics"> twice</em> the usual pressure, and the sensation is unpleasant.</p><p id="fs-idp26888784" class="" name="fs-idp26888784">In general, <span id="term342" class="" data-type="term">pressure</span> is defined as the force exerted on a given area: <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-801-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mi>F</mi><mi>A</mi></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mi>F</mi><mi>A</mi></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mi class="">F</mi><mi class="">A</mi></mfrac><mo class="">.</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mi class="">F</mi><mi class="">A</mi></mfrac><mo class="">.</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> Note that pressure is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area. Thus, pressure can be increased either by increasing the amount of force or by decreasing the area over which it is applied; pressure can be decreased by decreasing the force or increasing the area.</p><p id="fs-idm32668544" class="" name="fs-idm32668544">Let’s apply this concept to determine which exerts a greater pressure in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure2" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure2">Figure 23.2</a>—the elephant or the figure skater? A large African elephant can weigh 7 tons, supported on four feet, each with a diameter of about 1.5 ft (footprint area of 250 in<sup class="">2</sup>), so the pressure exerted by each foot is about 14 lb/in<sup class="">2</sup>:</p><div id="fs-idm100445488" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-802-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mtext>pressure per elephant foot</mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext>14,000</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>lb</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>elephant</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 elephant</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>4 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>250</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>14</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mtext>pressure per elephant foot</mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext>14,000</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>lb</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>elephant</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 elephant</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>4 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>250</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>14</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">pressure per elephant foot</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">14,000</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">elephant</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 elephant</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">4 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">250</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">14</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">pressure per elephant foot</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">14,000</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">elephant</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 elephant</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">4 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">250</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">14</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idp79686656" class="" name="fs-idp79686656">The figure skater weighs about 120 lbs, supported on two skate blades, each with an area of about 2 in<sup class="">2</sup>, so the pressure exerted by each blade is about 30 lb/in<sup class="">2</sup>:</p><div id="fs-idm181738992" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-803-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mtext>pressure per skate blade</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>120</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>lb</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2 blades</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 blade</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>30</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mtext>pressure per skate blade</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>120</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>lb</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2 blades</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 blade</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>30</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">pressure per skate blade</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">120</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">2 blades</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 blade</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">30</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">pressure per skate blade</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">120</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">2 blades</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 blade</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">30</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm101012528" class="" name="fs-idm101012528">Even though the elephant is more than one hundred-times heavier than the skater, it exerts less than one-half of the pressure. On the other hand, if the skater removes their skates and stands with bare feet (or regular footwear) on the ice, the larger area over which their weight is applied greatly reduces the pressure exerted:</p><div id="fs-idp9821216" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-804-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mtext>pressure per human foot</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>120</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>lb</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mtext>pressure per human foot</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>120</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>lb</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">pressure per human foot</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">120</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">2 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">30</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">pressure per human foot</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">120</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">skater</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 skater</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">2 feet</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 foot</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">30</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">lb/in</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure2" class="os-figure"><p id="p_AmCe" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_AmCe"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.2</span></p><p id="p_RdtA" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_RdtA">Although (a) an elephant’s weight is large, creating a very large force on the ground, (b) the figure skater exerts a much higher pressure on the ice due to the small surface area of the skates. (credit a: modification of work by Guido da Rozze; credit b: modification of work by Ryosuke Yagi)</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Pressure2"><span id="fs-idp170647376" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure includes two photographs. Figure a is a photo of a large gray elephant on grassy, beige terrain. Figure b is a photo of a figure skater with her right skate on the ice, upper torso lowered, arms extended upward behind her chest, and left leg extended upward behind her."><img class="img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_2.jpg" alt="This figure includes two photographs. Figure a is a photo of a large gray elephant on grassy, beige terrain. Figure b is a photo of a figure skater with her right skate on the ice, upper torso lowered, arms extended upward behind her chest, and left leg extended upward behind her." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_jwnE" name="img_jwnE" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_2.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm10039728" class="" name="fs-idm10039728">The SI unit of pressure is the <span id="term343" class="" data-type="term">pascal (Pa)</span>, with 1 Pa = 1 N/m<sup class="">2</sup>, where N is the newton, a unit of force defined as 1 kg m/s<sup class="">2</sup>. One pascal is a small pressure; in many cases, it is more convenient to use units of kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa) or <span id="term344" class="" data-type="term">bar</span> (1 bar = 100,000 Pa). In the United States, pressure is often measured in pounds of force on an area of one square inch—<span id="term345" class="" data-type="term">pounds per square inch (psi)</span>—for example, in car tires. Pressure can also be measured using the unit <span id="term346" class="" data-type="term">atmosphere (atm)</span>, which originally represented the average sea level air pressure at the approximate latitude of Paris (45°). <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#fs-idp189967312" data-mce-href="#fs-idp189967312">Table 23.1</a> provides some information on these and a few other common units for pressure measurements</p><div class="os-table os-top-titled-container"><p id="p_hQBH" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_hQBH"><span class="os-title-label">Table</span> 23.1</p><p id="p_XQto" class="os-table-title table_figure_title" name="p_XQto">Pressure Units</p><div class="table-responsive"><table id="fs-idp189967312" class="table table-sm table-striped table-responsive mce-item-table"><thead class="thead-dark"><tr class="" valign="top"><th class="" scope="col" data-align="left">Unit Name and Abbreviation</th><th class="" scope="col" data-align="left">Definition or Relation to Other Unit</th></tr></thead><tbody class=""><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">pascal (Pa)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1 Pa = 1 N/m<sup class="">2</sup><span class="" data-type="newline"><br class=""></span>recommended IUPAC unit</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">kilopascal (kPa)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1 kPa = 1000 Pa</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">pounds per square inch (psi)</td><td class="" data-align="left">air pressure at sea level is ~14.7 psi</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">atmosphere (atm)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr<span class="" data-type="newline"><br class=""></span>air pressure at sea level is ~1 atm</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">bar (bar, or b)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1 bar = 100,000 Pa (exactly)<span class="" data-type="newline"><br class=""></span>commonly used in meteorology</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">millibar (mbar, or mb)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1000 mbar = 1 bar</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">inches of mercury (in. Hg)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1 in. Hg = 3386 Pa<span class="" data-type="newline"><br class=""></span>used by aviation industry, also some weather reports</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">torr</td><td class="" data-align="left"><span id="MathJax-Element-805-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mtext>1 torr</mtext><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mtext>1</mtext><mrow><mtext>760</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mtext>1 torr</mtext><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mtext>1</mtext><mrow><mtext>760</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 torr</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mtext class="">1</mtext><mrow class=""><mtext class="">760</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 torr</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mtext class="">1</mtext><mrow class=""><mtext class="">760</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span><span class="" data-type="newline"><br class=""></span>named after Evangelista Torricelli, inventor of the barometer</td></tr><tr class="" valign="top"><td class="" data-align="left">millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)</td><td class="" data-align="left">1 mm Hg ~1 torr</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="fs-idp156787120" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_koIo" name="h3_koIo"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23.1</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_HGBo" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_HGBo">Conversion of Pressure Units</h4>The United States National Weather Service reports pressure in both inches of Hg and millibars. Convert a pressure of 29.2 in. Hg into:<p id="fs-idp142663424" class="" name="fs-idp142663424">(a) torr</p><p id="fs-idp6847648" class="" name="fs-idp6847648">(b) atm</p><p id="fs-idm78213376" class="" name="fs-idm78213376">(c) kPa</p><p id="fs-idp62713296" class="" name="fs-idp62713296">(d) mbar</p><h4 id="h4_WbAt" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_WbAt">Solution</h4>This is a unit conversion problem. The relationships between the various pressure units are given in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#fs-idp189967312" data-mce-href="#fs-idp189967312">Table 23.1</a>.<p id="fs-idm19510112" class="" name="fs-idm19510112">(a) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-806-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>29.2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>in Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>25.4</mtext><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>742 torr</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>29.2</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>in Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>25.4</mtext><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>742 torr</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">29.2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">25.4</mtext><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">742 torr</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">29.2</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">25.4</mtext><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">in</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">742 torr</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idm103224224" class="" name="fs-idm103224224">(b) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-807-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>742</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>0.976 atm</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>742</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>0.976 atm</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">742</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">0.976 atm</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">742</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">0.976 atm</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idp28156048" class="" name="fs-idp28156048">(c) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-808-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>742</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>98.9 kPa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>742</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>98.9 kPa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">742</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">98.9 kPa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">742</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">98.9 kPa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idm86928016" class="" name="fs-idm86928016">(d) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-809-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>98.9</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>1000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1000 mbar</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>989 mbar</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>98.9</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>1000</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1000 mbar</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>989 mbar</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">98.9</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1000 mbar</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">989 mbar</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">98.9</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1000 mbar</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">bar</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">989 mbar</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><h4 id="h4_WXfa" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_WXfa">Check Your Learning</h4>A typical barometric pressure in Kansas City is 740 torr. What is this pressure in atmospheres, in millimeters of mercury, in kilopascals, and in bar?<div id="fs-idm54955856" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_PpWqTaS8" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_PpWqTaS8" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_zLev" name="h3_zLev" data-mce-href="#answer_PpWqTaS8" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><div id="answer_PpWqTaS8" class="os-note-body collapse list-group-item"><p id="fs-idp131216672" class="" name="fs-idp131216672">0.974 atm; 740 mm Hg; 98.7 kPa; 0.987 bar</p></div></div></div></div><p id="fs-idm69336128" class="" name="fs-idm69336128">We can measure atmospheric pressure, the force exerted by the atmosphere on the earth’s surface, with a <span id="term347" class="" data-type="term">barometer</span> (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Barometer" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Barometer">Figure 23.3</a>). A barometer is a glass tube that is closed at one end, filled with a nonvolatile liquid such as mercury, and then inverted and immersed in a container of that liquid. The atmosphere exerts pressure on the liquid outside the tube, the column of liquid exerts pressure inside the tube, and the pressure at the liquid surface is the same inside and outside the tube. The height of the liquid in the tube is therefore proportional to the pressure exerted by the atmosphere.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Barometer" class="os-figure"><p id="p_grTv" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_grTv"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.3</span></p><p id="p_ThAb" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_ThAb">In a barometer, the height, <em class="" data-effect="italics">h</em>, of the column of liquid is used as a measurement of the air pressure. Using very dense liquid mercury (left) permits the construction of reasonably sized barometers, whereas using water (right) would require a barometer more than 30 feet tall.</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Barometer"><span id="fs-idm35593680" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure shows two barometers. The barometer to the left contains a shallow reservoir, or open container, of mercury. A narrow tube extends upward from the reservoir above the reservoir. This tube is sealed at the top. To the right, a second similar setup is shown with a reservoir filled with water. Line segments connect the label “vacuum” to the tops of the two narrow tubes. The tube on the left shows the mercury in the reservoir extending in a column upward in the narrow tube. Similarly, the tube on the right shows the water in the reservoir extending upward into the related narrow tube. Double-headed arrows extend from the surface of each liquid in the reservoir to the top of the liquid in each tube. A narrow column or bar extends from the surface of the reservoir to the same height. This bar is labeled “atmospheric pressure.” The level of the water in its tube is significantly higher than the level of mercury in its tube."><img class="mx-auto d-block img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_3.jpg" alt="This figure shows two barometers. The barometer to the left contains a shallow reservoir, or open container, of mercury. A narrow tube extends upward from the reservoir above the reservoir. This tube is sealed at the top. To the right, a second similar setup is shown with a reservoir filled with water. Line segments connect the label “vacuum” to the tops of the two narrow tubes. The tube on the left shows the mercury in the reservoir extending in a column upward in the narrow tube. Similarly, the tube on the right shows the water in the reservoir extending upward into the related narrow tube. Double-headed arrows extend from the surface of each liquid in the reservoir to the top of the liquid in each tube. A narrow column or bar extends from the surface of the reservoir to the same height. This bar is labeled “atmospheric pressure.” The level of the water in its tube is significantly higher than the level of mercury in its tube." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_XXkR" name="img_XXkR" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_3.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm79676464" class="" name="fs-idm79676464">If the liquid is water, normal atmospheric pressure will support a column of water over 10 meters high, which is rather inconvenient for making (and reading) a barometer. Because mercury (Hg) is about 13.6-times denser than water, a mercury barometer only needs to be <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-810-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>13.6</mn></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>13.6</mn></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mrow class=""><mn class="">13.6</mn></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mrow class=""><mn class="">13.6</mn></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> as tall as a water barometer—a more suitable size. Standard atmospheric pressure of 1 atm at sea level (101,325 Pa) corresponds to a column of mercury that is about 760 mm (29.92 in.) high. The <span id="term348" class="" data-type="term">torr</span> was originally intended to be a unit equal to one millimeter of mercury, but it no longer corresponds exactly. The pressure exerted by a fluid due to gravity is known as <span id="term349" class="" data-type="term">hydrostatic pressure</span>, <em class="" data-effect="italics">p</em>:</p><div id="fs-idm35258720" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-811-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>ρ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>ρ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">p</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">h</mi><mi class="">ρ</mi><mi class="">g</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">p</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">h</mi><mi class="">ρ</mi><mi class="">g</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm61000288" class="" name="fs-idm61000288">where <em class="" data-effect="italics">h</em> is the height of the fluid, <em class="" data-effect="italics">ρ</em> is the density of the fluid, and <em class="" data-effect="italics">g</em> is acceleration due to gravity.</p><div id="fs-idm5509408" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_vczM" name="h3_vczM"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23.2</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_RXxS" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_RXxS">Calculation of Barometric Pressure</h4>Show the calculation supporting the claim that atmospheric pressure near sea level corresponds to the pressure exerted by a column of mercury that is about 760 mm high. The density of mercury = 13.6 g/cm<sup class="">3</sup>.<h4 id="h4_PgQK" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_PgQK">Solution</h4>The hydrostatic pressure is given by <em class="" data-effect="italics">p</em> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">hρg</em>, with <em class="" data-effect="italics">h</em> = 760 mm, <em class="" data-effect="italics">ρ</em> = 13.6 g/cm<sup class="">3</sup>, and <em class="" data-effect="italics">g</em> = 9.81 m/s<sup class="">2</sup>. Plugging these values into the equation and doing the necessary unit conversions will give us the value we seek. (Note: We are expecting to find a pressure of ~101,325 Pa.)<div id="fs-idm207611040" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-812-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>N</mi><msup><mrow><mtext>/m</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>kg·m/s</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msup><mtext>m</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>kg</mtext></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>m·s</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>N</mi><msup><mrow><mtext>/m</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>kg·m/s</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msup><mtext>m</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>kg</mtext></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>m·s</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">N</mi><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">/m</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg·m/s</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mtext class="">m</mtext><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">m·s</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">N</mi><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">/m</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg·m/s</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mtext class="">m</mtext><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">101,325</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">m·s</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><div id="fs-idm149736288" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-813-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>760 mm</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 m</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1000 mm</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mtext>13.6 g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 kg</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1000 g</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>100 cm</mtext></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>1 m</mtext></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mtext>9.81 m</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mtext>s</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>760 mm</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 m</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1000 mm</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mtext>13.6 g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 kg</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1000 g</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mtext>100 cm</mtext></mrow> <mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mtext>1 m</mtext></mrow> <mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mtext>9.81 m</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mtext>s</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">p</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mtext class="">760 mm</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 m</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1000 mm</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">13.6 g</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 kg</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1000 g</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mtext class="">100 cm</mtext></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 m</mtext></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">9.81 m</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mtext class="">s</mtext><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">p</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mtext class="">760 mm</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 m</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1000 mm</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">13.6 g</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 kg</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1000 g</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo> <mrow class=""> <mtext class="">100 cm</mtext></mrow> <mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo> <mrow class=""> <mtext class="">1 m</mtext></mrow> <mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">9.81 m</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mtext class="">s</mtext><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><div id="fs-idm112352528" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-814-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>0.760 m</mtext></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>13,600</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>kg/m</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>9.81</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>m/s</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>kg/ms</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>N</mi><mtext>/m</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>0.760 m</mtext></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>13,600</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>kg/m</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>9.81</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>m/s</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>kg/ms</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>N</mi><mtext>/m</mtext></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">=</mo><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mtext class="">0.760 m</mtext></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mn class="">13,600</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg/m</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mn class="">9.81</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">m/s</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg/ms</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">N</mi><mtext class="">/m</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">=</mo><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mtext class="">0.760 m</mtext></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mn class="">13,600</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg/m</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mn class="">9.81</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">m/s</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">kg/ms</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">N</mi><mtext class="">/m</mtext></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><div id="fs-idm93676560" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-815-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.01</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">5</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><h4 id="h4_iAMF" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_iAMF">Check Your Learning</h4>Calculate the height of a column of water at 25 °C that corresponds to normal atmospheric pressure. The density of water at this temperature is 1.0 g/cm<sup class="">3</sup>.<div id="fs-idp73341600" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_2kb6VIi7" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_2kb6VIi7" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_LbsX" name="h3_LbsX" data-mce-href="#answer_2kb6VIi7" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><div id="answer_2kb6VIi7" class="os-note-body collapse list-group-item"><p id="fs-idp2146864" class="" name="fs-idp2146864">10.3 m</p></div></div></div></div><p id="fs-idp189718992" class="" name="fs-idp189718992">A <span id="term350" class="" data-type="term">manometer</span> is a device similar to a barometer that can be used to measure the pressure of a gas trapped in a container. A closed-end manometer is a U-shaped tube with one closed arm, one arm that connects to the gas to be measured, and a nonvolatile liquid (usually mercury) in between. As with a barometer, the distance between the liquid levels in the two arms of the tube (<em class="" data-effect="italics">h</em> in the diagram) is proportional to the pressure of the gas in the container. An open-end manometer (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Manometer" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Manometer">Figure 23.4</a>) is the same as a closed-end manometer, but one of its arms is open to the atmosphere. In this case, the distance between the liquid levels corresponds to the difference in pressure between the gas in the container and the atmosphere.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Manometer" class="os-figure"><p id="p_yurq" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_yurq"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.4</span></p><p id="p_JQrm" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_JQrm">A manometer can be used to measure the pressure of a gas. The (difference in) height between the liquid levels (<em class="" data-effect="italics">h</em>) is a measure of the pressure. Mercury is usually used because of its large density.</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Manometer"><span id="fs-idm5598960" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="Three diagrams of manometers are shown. Each manometer consists of a spherical pink container filled with gas on the left that is connected to a U-shaped, sealed tube by a valve on its right. The top of the U aligns with the gas-filled sphere and the U, which extends below, contains mercury. The first manometer has a sealed tube. The sealed end to the upper right in the diagram is labeled “closed end” and “vacuum.” The mercury level is higher in the right side of the tube than in the left. The difference in height is labeled “h.” Beneath this manometer illustration appears the label P subscript gas equal sign h rho g. The second manometer has an open-ended tube, which is labeled “open end.” At this opening in the upper right of the diagram is the label P subscript atm. The mercury level is higher in the left side of the tube than in the right. This difference in height is labeled “h.” Beneath this manometer illustration appears the label P subscript gas equal sign P subscript atm minus sign h rho g. The third manometer has an open-ended tube and is similar to the second manometer except that the mercury level is higher in the right side of the tube than in the left. This difference in height is labeled “h.” Beneath this manometer illustration appears the label P subscript gas equal sign P subscript a t m plus h rho g."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_4.jpg" alt="Three diagrams of manometers are shown. Each manometer consists of a spherical pink container filled with gas on the left that is connected to a U-shaped, sealed tube by a valve on its right. The top of the U aligns with the gas-filled sphere and the U, which extends below, contains mercury. The first manometer has a sealed tube. The sealed end to the upper right in the diagram is labeled “closed end” and “vacuum.” The mercury level is higher in the right side of the tube than in the left. The difference in height is labeled “h.” Beneath this manometer illustration appears the label P subscript gas equal sign h rho g. The second manometer has an open-ended tube, which is labeled “open end.” At this opening in the upper right of the diagram is the label P subscript atm. The mercury level is higher in the left side of the tube than in the right. This difference in height is labeled “h.” Beneath this manometer illustration appears the label P subscript gas equal sign P subscript atm minus sign h rho g. The third manometer has an open-ended tube and is similar to the second manometer except that the mercury level is higher in the right side of the tube than in the left. This difference in height is labeled “h.” Beneath this manometer illustration appears the label P subscript gas equal sign P subscript a t m plus h rho g." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_MogX" name="img_MogX" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_4.jpg"></span></figure></div><div id="fs-idm31201088" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_Cktp" name="h3_Cktp"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23.3</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_cuzU" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_cuzU">Calculation of Pressure Using a Closed-End Manometer</h4>The pressure of a sample of gas is measured with a closed-end manometer, as shown to the right. The liquid in the manometer is mercury. Determine the pressure of the gas in:<p id="fs-idp161989312" class="" name="fs-idp161989312">(a) torr</p><p id="fs-idp16104736" class="" name="fs-idp16104736">(b) Pa</p><p id="fs-idm85992448" class="" name="fs-idm85992448">(c) bar</p><span id="fs-idp141827632" class="scaled-down" data-type="media" data-alt="A diagram of a closed-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “closed end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height between the left side and right side is 26.4 c m which is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_5.jpg" alt="A diagram of a closed-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “closed end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height between the left side and right side is 26.4 c m which is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_egsR" name="img_egsR" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_5.jpg"></span><h4 id="h4_pFBm" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_pFBm">Solution</h4>The pressure of the gas is equal to a column of mercury of height 26.4 cm. (The pressure at the bottom horizontal line is equal on both sides of the tube. The pressure on the left is due to the gas and the pressure on the right is due to 26.4 cm Hg, or mercury.) We could use the equation <em class="" data-effect="italics">p</em> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">hρg</em> as in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-1-gas-pressure#fs-idm5509408" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-WqWe" data-unshortened-url="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-1-gas-pressure#fs-idm5509408" data-mce-href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-1-gas-pressure#fs-idm5509408">Example 23.2</a>, but it is simpler to just convert between units using <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#fs-idp189967312" data-mce-href="#fs-idp189967312">Table 23.1</a>.<p id="fs-idm79108064" class="" name="fs-idm79108064">(a) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-816-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>26.4</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>264 torr</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>26.4</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>264 torr</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">26.4</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">264 torr</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">26.4</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 torr</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">264 torr</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idp62655904" class="" name="fs-idp62655904">(b) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-817-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>264</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>101,325 Pa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>35,200 Pa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>264</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>101,325 Pa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>35,200 Pa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">264</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">101,325 Pa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">35,200 Pa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">264</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">torr</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">101,325 Pa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">35,200 Pa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idp2045200" class="" name="fs-idp2045200">(c) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-818-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>35</mn><mtext>,200</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 bar</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>0.352 bar</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>35</mn><mtext>,200</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 bar</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>0.352 bar</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">35</mn><mtext class="">,200</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 bar</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">0.352 bar</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">35</mn><mtext class="">,200</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 bar</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">100,000</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">Pa</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">0.352 bar</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><h4 id="h4_fpna" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_fpna">Check Your Learning</h4>The pressure of a sample of gas is measured with a closed-end manometer. The liquid in the manometer is mercury. Determine the pressure of the gas in:<p id="fs-idp38024128" class="" name="fs-idp38024128">(a) torr</p><p id="fs-idp16117232" class="" name="fs-idp16117232">(b) Pa</p><p id="fs-idp127919232" class="" name="fs-idp127919232">(c) bar</p><span id="fs-idp26163024" class="scaled-down" data-type="media" data-alt="A diagram of a closed-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “closed end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height of 6.0 i n is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_6.jpg" alt="A diagram of a closed-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “closed end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height of 6.0 i n is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_bkoQ" name="img_bkoQ" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_6.jpg"></span><div id="fs-idm70430576" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_yD1vNsze" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_yD1vNsze" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_mzaU" name="h3_mzaU" data-mce-href="#answer_yD1vNsze" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><div id="answer_yD1vNsze" class="os-note-body collapse list-group-item"><p id="fs-idm8669760" class="" name="fs-idm8669760">(a) ~150 torr; (b) ~20,000 Pa; (c) ~0.20 bar</p></div></div></div></div><div id="fs-idm76587328" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_LZzW" name="h3_LZzW"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23.</span><span class="os-number">4</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_WDGz" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_WDGz">Calculation of Pressure Using an Open-End Manometer</h4>The pressure of a sample of gas is measured at sea level with an open-end Hg (mercury) manometer, as shown to the right. Determine the pressure of the gas in:<p id="fs-idp141807120" class="" name="fs-idp141807120">(a) mm Hg</p><p id="fs-idm91216192" class="" name="fs-idm91216192">(b) atm</p><p id="fs-idm29337808" class="" name="fs-idm29337808">(c) kPa</p><span id="fs-idp16540528" class="scaled-down" data-type="media" data-alt="A diagram of an opne-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “open end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height of 13.7 c m is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_7.jpg" alt="A diagram of an opne-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “open end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height of 13.7 c m is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_PEqG" name="img_PEqG" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_7.jpg"></span><h4 id="h4_fBjv" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_fBjv">Solution</h4>The pressure of the gas equals the hydrostatic pressure due to a column of mercury of height 13.7 cm plus the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level. (The pressure at the bottom horizontal line is equal on both sides of the tube. The pressure on the left is due to the gas and the pressure on the right is due to 13.7 cm of Hg plus atmospheric pressure.)<p id="fs-idp139076928" class="" name="fs-idp139076928">(a) In mm Hg, this is: 137 mm Hg + 760 mm Hg = 897 mm Hg</p><p id="fs-idm20839232" class="" name="fs-idm20839232">(b) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-819-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>897</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>1.18 atm</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>897</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>760</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mtext>1.18 atm</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">897</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">1.18 atm</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">897</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">1 atm</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">760</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mm Hg</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">1.18 atm</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idp8049056" class="" name="fs-idp8049056">(c) <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-820-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mn>1.18</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>1.20</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mn>1.18</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mtext>101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>1.20</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1.18</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.20</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">1.18</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">101.325 kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">atm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">1.20</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">10</mn></mrow><mn class="">2</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><h4 id="h4_sKeu" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_sKeu">Check Your Learning</h4>The pressure of a sample of gas is measured at sea level with an open-end Hg manometer, as shown to the right. Determine the pressure of the gas in:<p id="fs-idp30718048" class="" name="fs-idp30718048">(a) mm Hg</p><p id="fs-idm5192960" class="" name="fs-idm5192960">(b) atm</p><p id="fs-idp18503824" class="" name="fs-idp18503824">(c) kPa</p><span id="fs-idm34584432" class="scaled-down" data-type="media" data-alt="A diagram of an open-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “open end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the left side than on the right. The difference in height of 4.63 i n is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_8.jpg" alt="A diagram of an open-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “open end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the left side than on the right. The difference in height of 4.63 i n is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_WVZr" name="img_WVZr" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_8.jpg"></span><div id="fs-idp173017200" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_MmmWAVe7" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_MmmWAVe7" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_kAyx" name="h3_kAyx" data-mce-href="#answer_MmmWAVe7" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><div id="answer_MmmWAVe7" class="os-note-body collapse list-group-item"><p id="fs-idp154771664" class="" name="fs-idp154771664">(a) 642 mm Hg; (b) 0.845 atm; (c) 85.6 kPa</p></div></div></div></div><div id="fs-idp183412160" class="chemistry everyday-life ui-has-child-title callout exercises" data-type="note"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" data-type="title" id="h3_ByMo" name="h3_ByMo"><span class="os-title-label">Chemistry in Everyday Life</span></h3></header><div class="os-note-body"><h4 id="14" class="os-subtitle" data-type="title" name="14"><span class="os-subtitle-label">Measuring Blood Pressure</span></h4><p id="fs-idm61054480" class="" name="fs-idm61054480">Blood pressure is measured using a device called a sphygmomanometer (Greek <em class="" data-effect="italics">sphygmos</em> = “pulse”). It consists of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, a manometer to measure the pressure, and a method of determining when blood flow begins and when it becomes impeded (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Spygmo" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Spygmo">Figure 23.5</a>). Since its invention in 1881, it has been an essential medical device. There are many types of sphygmomanometers: manual ones that require a stethoscope and are used by medical professionals; mercury ones, used when the most accuracy is required; less accurate mechanical ones; and digital ones that can be used with little training but that have limitations. When using a sphygmomanometer, the cuff is placed around the upper arm and inflated until blood flow is completely blocked, then slowly released. As the heart beats, blood forced through the arteries causes a rise in pressure. This rise in pressure at which blood flow begins is the <em class="" data-effect="italics">systolic pressure—</em>the peak pressure in the cardiac cycle. When the cuff’s pressure equals the arterial systolic pressure, blood flows past the cuff, creating audible sounds that can be heard using a stethoscope. This is followed by a decrease in pressure as the heart’s ventricles prepare for another beat. As cuff pressure continues to decrease, eventually sound is no longer heard; this is the <em class="" data-effect="italics">diastolic pressure—</em>the lowest pressure (resting phase) in the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure units from a sphygmomanometer are in terms of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Spygmo" class="os-figure"><p id="p_hnuC" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_hnuC"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.5</span></p><p id="p_JDtK" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_JDtK">(a) A medical technician prepares to measure a patient’s blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer. (b) A typical sphygmomanometer uses a valved rubber bulb to inflate the cuff and a diaphragm gauge to measure pressure. (credit a: modification of work by Master Sgt. Jeffrey Allen)</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Spygmo"><span id="fs-idm50439776" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure includes two photographs. The first photo shows a young adult male placing a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm of a young adult female. The second image shows a typical sphygmomanometer, which includes a black blood pressure cuff, tubing, pump, and pressure gauge."><img class="img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_9.jpg" alt="This figure includes two photographs. The first photo shows a young adult male placing a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm of a young adult female. The second image shows a typical sphygmomanometer, which includes a black blood pressure cuff, tubing, pump, and pressure gauge." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_CiBF" name="img_CiBF" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_9.jpg"></span></figure></div></div></div><div id="fs-idm96003696" class="chemistry sciences-interconnect ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="note"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" data-type="title" id="h3_nUid" name="h3_nUid"><span class="os-title-label">How Sciences Interconnect</span></h3></header><div class="os-note-body"><h4 id="16" class="os-subtitle" data-type="title" name="16"><span class="os-subtitle-label">Meteorology, Climatology, and Atmospheric Science</span></h4><p id="fs-idm77491200" class="" name="fs-idm77491200">Throughout the ages, people have observed clouds, winds, and precipitation, trying to discern patterns and make predictions: when it is best to plant and harvest; whether it is safe to set out on a sea voyage; and much more. We now face complex weather and atmosphere-related challenges that will have a major impact on our civilization and the ecosystem. Several different scientific disciplines use chemical principles to help us better understand weather, the atmosphere, and climate. These are meteorology, climatology, and atmospheric science. Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric effects on earth’s weather. Meteorologists seek to understand and predict the weather in the short term, which can save lives and benefit the economy. Weather forecasts (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_WeatherMap" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_WeatherMap">Figure 23.6</a>) are the result of thousands of measurements of air pressure, temperature, and the like, which are compiled, modeled, and analyzed in weather centers worldwide.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_WeatherMap" class="os-figure"><p id="p_wWHt" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_wWHt"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.6</span></p><p id="p_KVSX" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_KVSX">Meteorologists use weather maps to describe and predict weather. Regions of high (H) and low (L) pressure have large effects on weather conditions. The gray lines represent locations of constant pressure known as isobars. (credit: modification of work by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_WeatherMap"><span id="fs-idm21149856" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="A weather map of the United States is shown which points out areas of high and low pressure with the letters H in blue and L in red. Curved lines in grey, orange, blue, and red are shown. The orange lines are segmented. The red and blue lines have small red or blue semi-circles and triangles attached along their lengths. In dashed white lines, latitude and longitude are indicated. Underlined three and four digit numbers also appear across the map."><img class="mx-auto d-block img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_10.jpg" alt="A weather map of the United States is shown which points out areas of high and low pressure with the letters H in blue and L in red. Curved lines in grey, orange, blue, and red are shown. The orange lines are segmented. The red and blue lines have small red or blue semi-circles and triangles attached along their lengths. In dashed white lines, latitude and longitude are indicated. Underlined three and four digit numbers also appear across the map." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_SeCV" name="img_SeCV" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_10.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm8048304" class="" name="fs-idm8048304">In terms of weather, low-pressure systems occur when the earth’s surface atmospheric pressure is lower than the surrounding environment: Moist air rises and condenses, producing clouds. Movement of moisture and air within various weather fronts instigates most weather events.</p><p id="fs-idm49021728" class="" name="fs-idm49021728">The atmosphere is the gaseous layer that surrounds a planet. Earth’s atmosphere, which is roughly 100–125 km thick, consists of roughly 78.1% nitrogen and 21.0% oxygen, and can be subdivided further into the regions shown in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Atmosphere" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Atmosphere">Figure 23.7</a>: the exosphere (furthest from earth, > 700 km above sea level), the thermosphere (80–700 km), the mesosphere (50–80 km), the stratosphere (second lowest level of our atmosphere, 12–50 km above sea level), and the troposphere (up to 12 km above sea level, roughly 80% of the earth’s atmosphere by mass and the layer where most weather events originate). As you go higher in the troposphere, air density and temperature both decrease.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Atmosphere" class="os-figure"><p id="p_aBbp" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_aBbp"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.7</span></p><p id="p_murC" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_murC">Earth’s atmosphere has five layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere.</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Atmosphere"><span id="fs-idm76295840" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This diagram shows half of a two dimensional view of the earth in blue and green. A narrow white layer, labeled “troposphere 0 dash 12 k m” covers this hemisphere. This layer is also labeled “layer where most weather events originate.” Next, a thicker light blue layer labeled “Stratosphere 12 dash 50 k m” is shown. This is followed by a slightly thinner layer also in light blue labeled “Mesosphere 50 dash 80 k m.” Following this layer is a relatively thick light blue layer labeled “Thermosphere 80 dash 700 k m.” A blue layer appears that covers the rightmost two thirds of the diagram. This region gradually darkens from a lighter blue at the left to a dark blue at the right. This region of the diagram is labeled “exosphere greater than 700 k m.”"><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_11.jpg" alt="This diagram shows half of a two dimensional view of the earth in blue and green. A narrow white layer, labeled “troposphere 0 dash 12 k m” covers this hemisphere. This layer is also labeled “layer where most weather events originate.” Next, a thicker light blue layer labeled “Stratosphere 12 dash 50 k m” is shown. This is followed by a slightly thinner layer also in light blue labeled “Mesosphere 50 dash 80 k m.” Following this layer is a relatively thick light blue layer labeled “Thermosphere 80 dash 700 k m.” A blue layer appears that covers the rightmost two thirds of the diagram. This region gradually darkens from a lighter blue at the left to a dark blue at the right. This region of the diagram is labeled “exosphere greater than 700 k m.”" data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_kanb" name="img_kanb" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/EJNn_11.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm30549520" class="" name="fs-idm30549520">Climatology is the study of the climate, averaged weather conditions over long time periods, using atmospheric data. However, climatologists study patterns and effects that occur over decades, centuries, and millennia, rather than shorter time frames of hours, days, and weeks like meteorologists. Atmospheric science is an even broader field, combining meteorology, climatology, and other scientific disciplines that study the atmosphere.</p></div></div><div class="callout exercises" data-callout-custom-class="exercises"><h3 class="" id="h3_VxCe" name="h3_VxCe">Link to Supplemental Exercises</h3><p id="p_HVEz" class="" name="p_HVEz"><a class="" href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-exercises#fs-idm57060672" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-zrVS" data-unshortened-url="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-exercises#fs-idm57060672" data-mce-href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-exercises#fs-idm57060672">Supplemental exercises</a> are available if you would like more practice with these concepts.</p></div><h2 id="h2_yNjb" class="" name="h2_yNjb">23.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law</h2><div id="1" class="ui-has-child-title callout objectives" data-type="abstract"><header class=""><h3 class="" data-type="title" id="h3_GybX" name="h3_GybX">Learning Objectives</h3></header><p id="para-00001" class="" name="para-00001">By the end of this section, you will be able to:</p><ul id="list-00001" class="" name="list-00001"><li id="li_YYNQ" class="" name="li_YYNQ">Identify the mathematical relationships between the various properties of gases</li></ul></div><p id="fs-idm111531200" class="" name="fs-idm111531200">During the seventeenth and especially eighteenth centuries, driven both by a desire to understand nature and a quest to make balloons in which they could fly (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Ballooning" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Ballooning">Figure 23.8</a>), a number of scientists established the relationships between the macroscopic physical properties of gases, that is, pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. Although their measurements were not precise by today’s standards, they were able to determine the mathematical relationships between pairs of these variables (e.g., pressure and temperature, pressure and volume) that hold for an <em class="" data-effect="italics">ideal</em> gas—a hypothetical construct that real gases approximate under certain conditions. Eventually, these individual laws were combined into a single equation—the <em class="" data-effect="italics">ideal gas law</em>—that relates gas quantities for gases and is quite accurate for low pressures and moderate temperatures. We will consider the key developments in individual relationships (for pedagogical reasons not quite in historical order), then put them together in the ideal gas law.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Ballooning" class="os-figure"><p id="p_inKK" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_inKK"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.8</span></p><p id="p_xvHG" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_xvHG">In 1783, the first (a) hydrogen-filled balloon flight, (b) manned hot air balloon flight, and (c) manned hydrogen-filled balloon flight occurred. When the hydrogen-filled balloon depicted in (a) landed, the frightened villagers of Gonesse reportedly destroyed it with pitchforks and knives. The launch of the latter was reportedly viewed by 400,000 people in Paris.</p><figure class="" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Ballooning"><span id="fs-idm140387808" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure includes three images. Image a is a black and white image of a hydrogen balloon apparently being deflated by a mob of people. In image b, a blue, gold, and red balloon is being held to the ground with ropes while positioned above a platform from which smoke is rising beneath the balloon. In c, an image is shown in grey on a peach-colored background of an inflated balloon with vertical striping in the air. It appears to have a basket attached to its lower side. A large stately building appears in the background."><img class="img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_1.jpg" alt="This figure includes three images. Image a is a black and white image of a hydrogen balloon apparently being deflated by a mob of people. In image b, a blue, gold, and red balloon is being held to the ground with ropes while positioned above a platform from which smoke is rising beneath the balloon. In c, an image is shown in grey on a peach-colored background of an inflated balloon with vertical striping in the air. It appears to have a basket attached to its lower side. A large stately building appears in the background." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_JLQa" name="img_JLQa" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_1.jpg"></span></figure></div><h3 class="" data-type="title" id="h3_RaAI" name="h3_RaAI">Pressure and Temperature: Amontons’s Law</h3><p id="fs-idm131642544" class="" name="fs-idm131642544">Imagine filling a rigid container attached to a pressure gauge with gas and then sealing the container so that no gas may escape. If the container is cooled, the gas inside likewise gets colder and its pressure is observed to decrease. Since the container is rigid and tightly sealed, both the volume and number of moles of gas remain constant. If we heat the sphere, the gas inside gets hotter (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Amontons1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_01_Amontons1">Figure 23.9</a>) and the pressure increases.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Amontons1" class="os-figure"><p id="p_UPHB" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_UPHB"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.9</span></p><p id="p_rNoR" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_rNoR">The effect of temperature on gas pressure: When the hot plate is off, the pressure of the gas in the sphere is relatively low. As the gas is heated, the pressure of the gas in the sphere increases.</p><figure class="" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_01_Amontons1"><span id="fs-idp8042736" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure includes three similar diagrams. In the first diagram to the left, a rigid spherical container of a gas to which a pressure gauge is attached at the top is placed in a large beaker of water, indicated in light blue, atop a hot plate. The needle on the pressure gauge points to the far left on the gauge. The diagram is labeled “low P” above and “hot plate off” below. The second similar diagram also has the rigid spherical container of gas placed in a large beaker from which light blue wavy line segments extend from the top of the liquid in the beaker. The beaker is situated on top of a slightly reddened circular area. The needle on the pressure gauge points straight up, or to the middle on the gauge. The diagram is labeled “medium P” above and “hot plate on medium” below. The third diagram also has the rigid spherical container of gas placed in a large beaker in which bubbles appear near the liquid surface and several wavy light blue line segments extend from the surface out of the beaker. The beaker is situated on top of a bright red circular area. The needle on the pressure gauge points to the far right on the gauge. The diagram is labeled “high P” above and “hot plate on high” below."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_2.jpg" alt="This figure includes three similar diagrams. In the first diagram to the left, a rigid spherical container of a gas to which a pressure gauge is attached at the top is placed in a large beaker of water, indicated in light blue, atop a hot plate. The needle on the pressure gauge points to the far left on the gauge. The diagram is labeled “low P” above and “hot plate off” below. The second similar diagram also has the rigid spherical container of gas placed in a large beaker from which light blue wavy line segments extend from the top of the liquid in the beaker. The beaker is situated on top of a slightly reddened circular area. The needle on the pressure gauge points straight up, or to the middle on the gauge. The diagram is labeled “medium P” above and “hot plate on medium” below. The third diagram also has the rigid spherical container of gas placed in a large beaker in which bubbles appear near the liquid surface and several wavy light blue line segments extend from the surface out of the beaker. The beaker is situated on top of a bright red circular area. The needle on the pressure gauge points to the far right on the gauge. The diagram is labeled “high P” above and “hot plate on high” below." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_Taua" name="img_Taua" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_2.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm111816736" class="" name="fs-idm111816736">This relationship between temperature and pressure is observed for any sample of gas confined to a constant volume. An example of experimental pressure-temperature data is shown for a sample of air under these conditions in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Amontons2" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Amontons2">Figure 23.10</a>. We find that temperature and pressure are linearly related, and if the temperature is on the kelvin scale, then <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> are directly proportional (again, when <em class="" data-effect="italics">volume and moles of gas are held constant</em>); if the temperature on the kelvin scale increases by a certain factor, the gas pressure increases by the same factor.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Amontons2" class="os-figure"><p id="p_wZtH" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_wZtH"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.10</span></p><p id="p_XeZn" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_XeZn">For a constant volume and amount of air, the pressure and temperature are directly proportional, provided the temperature is in kelvin. (Measurements cannot be made at lower temperatures because of the condensation of the gas.) When this line is extrapolated to lower pressures, it reaches a pressure of 0 at –273 °C, which is 0 on the kelvin scale and the lowest possible temperature, called absolute zero.</p><figure class="" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Amontons2"><span id="fs-idm113341280" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure includes a table and a graph. The table has 3 columns and 7 rows. The first row is a header, which labels the columns “Temperature, degrees C,” “Temperature, K,” and “Pressure, kPa.” The first column contains the following values from top to bottom: negative 100, negative 50, 0, 50, 100, and 150. The second column contains the values, from top to bottom, 173, 223, 273, 323, 373, and 423. The third column contains the values 36.0, 46.4, 56.7, 67.1, 77.5, and 88.0. A graph appears to the right of the table. The horizontal axis is labeled “Temperature ( K ).” with markings and labels provided for multiples of 100 beginning at 0 and ending at 500. The vertical axis is labeled “Pressure ( kPa )” with markings and labels provided for multiples of 10, beginning at 0 and ending at 100. Six data points from the table are plotted on the graph with black dots. These dots are connected with a solid black line. A dashed line extends from the data point furthest to the left to the origin. The graph shows a positive linear trend."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_3.jpg" alt="This figure includes a table and a graph. The table has 3 columns and 7 rows. The first row is a header, which labels the columns “Temperature, degrees C,” “Temperature, K,” and “Pressure, kPa.” The first column contains the following values from top to bottom: negative 100, negative 50, 0, 50, 100, and 150. The second column contains the values, from top to bottom, 173, 223, 273, 323, 373, and 423. The third column contains the values 36.0, 46.4, 56.7, 67.1, 77.5, and 88.0. A graph appears to the right of the table. The horizontal axis is labeled “Temperature ( K ).” with markings and labels provided for multiples of 100 beginning at 0 and ending at 500. The vertical axis is labeled “Pressure ( kPa )” with markings and labels provided for multiples of 10, beginning at 0 and ending at 100. Six data points from the table are plotted on the graph with black dots. These dots are connected with a solid black line. A dashed line extends from the data point furthest to the left to the origin. The graph shows a positive linear trend." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_vFud" name="img_vFud" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_3.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm33029376" class="" name="fs-idm33029376">Guillaume Amontons was the first to empirically establish the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of a gas (~1700), and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac determined the relationship more precisely (~1800). Because of this, the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> relationship for gases is known as either <span id="term351" class="" data-type="term">Amontons’s law</span> or <span id="term352" class="" data-type="term">Gay-Lussac’s law</span>. Under either name, it states that <em class="" data-effect="italics">the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the volume is held constant</em>. Mathematically, this can be written:</p><div id="fs-idp58663824" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-821-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mtext>constant</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>T</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mtext>constant</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>T</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">∝</mo><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">constant</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">T</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">∝</mo><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">constant</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">T</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idp12374848" class="" name="fs-idp12374848">where ∝ means “is proportional to,” and <em class="" data-effect="italics">k</em> is a proportionality constant that depends on the identity, amount, and volume of the gas.</p><p id="fs-idm100617456" class="" name="fs-idm100617456">For a confined, constant volume of gas, the ratio <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-822-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mi class="">T</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mi class="">T</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> is therefore constant (i.e., <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-823-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mi class="">T</mi></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mi class="">T</mi></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span>). If the gas is initially in “Condition 1” (with <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">1</sub> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">1</sub>), and then changes to “Condition 2” (with <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">2</sub> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">2</sub>), we have that <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-824-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> and <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-825-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mo class="">,</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mo class="">,</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> which reduces to <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-826-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo class="">.</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo class="">.</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> This equation is useful for pressure-temperature calculations for a confined gas at constant volume. Note that temperatures must be on the kelvin scale for any gas law calculations (0 on the kelvin scale and the lowest possible temperature is called <span id="term353" class="" data-type="term">absolute zero</span>). (Also note that there are at least three ways we can describe how the pressure of a gas changes as its temperature changes: We can use a table of values, a graph, or a mathematical equation.)</p><div id="fs-idm66260928" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_VLWF" name="h3_VLWF"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23.</span><span class="os-number">5</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_VvdC" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_VvdC">Predicting Change in Pressure with Temperature</h4>A can of hair spray is used until it is empty except for the propellant, isobutane gas.<p id="fs-idp96109888" class="" name="fs-idp96109888">(a) On the can is the warning “Store only at temperatures below 120 °F (48.8 °C). Do not incinerate.” Why?</p><p id="fs-idm53382240" class="" name="fs-idm53382240">(b) The gas in the can is initially at 24 °C and 360 kPa, and the can has a volume of 350 mL. If the can is left in a car that reaches 50 °C on a hot day, what is the new pressure in the can?</p><h4 id="h4_oVRh" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_oVRh">Solution</h4>(a) The can contains an amount of isobutane gas at a constant volume, so if the temperature is increased by heating, the pressure will increase proportionately. High temperature could lead to high pressure, causing the can to burst. (Also, isobutane is combustible, so incineration could cause the can to explode.)<p id="fs-idp91458240" class="" name="fs-idp91458240">(b) We are looking for a pressure change due to a temperature change at constant volume, so we will use Amontons’s/Gay-Lussac’s law. Taking <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">1</sub> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">1</sub> as the initial values, <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the temperature where the pressure is unknown and <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the unknown pressure, and converting °C to K, we have:</p><div id="fs-idp253098544" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-827-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mtext>which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>360</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>297</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>323</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mtext>which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>360</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>297</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>323</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">360</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">297</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">323</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">360</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">297</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">323</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm99533072" class="" name="fs-idm99533072">Rearranging and solving gives: <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-828-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>360</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>323</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>297</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>390</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>360</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>323</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>297</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>390</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>kPa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">360</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">323</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">297</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">390</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">360</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">323</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">297</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">390</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">kPa</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><h4 id="h4_ncCf" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_ncCf">Check Your Learning</h4>A sample of nitrogen, N<sub class="">2</sub>, occupies 45.0 mL at 27 °C and 600 torr. What pressure will it have if cooled to –73 °C while the volume remains constant?<div id="fs-idp78288768" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_sZOayoMc" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_sZOayoMc" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_rNZo" name="h3_rNZo" data-mce-href="#answer_sZOayoMc" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><section id="answer_sZOayoMc" class="collapse list-group-item"><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idm117579760" class="" name="fs-idm117579760">400 torr</p></div></section></div></div></div><h3 class="" data-type="title" id="h3_kLWj" name="h3_kLWj">Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law</h3><p id="fs-idm19167872" class="" name="fs-idm19167872">If we fill a balloon with air and seal it, the balloon contains a specific amount of air at atmospheric pressure, let’s say 1 atm. If we put the balloon in a refrigerator, the gas inside gets cold and the balloon shrinks (although both the amount of gas and its pressure remain constant). If we make the balloon very cold, it will shrink a great deal, and it expands again when it warms up.</p><div id="fs-idp27422192" class="chemistry link-to-learning ui-has-child-title callout info" data-type="note"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" data-type="title" id="h3_nndP" name="h3_nndP"><span class="os-title-label">Link to Learning</span></h3></header><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idp60978480" class="" name="fs-idp60978480">This video shows how cooling and heating a gas causes its volume to decrease or increase, respectively.</p><p id="p_ateC" class="" style="text-align: center;" name="p_ateC" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"><iframe class="" title="YouTube video player" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZgTTUuJZAFs" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" data-mce-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZgTTUuJZAFs"></iframe></p></div></div><p id="fs-idp49208960" class="" name="fs-idp49208960">These examples of the effect of temperature on the volume of a given amount of a confined gas at constant pressure are true in general: The volume increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as the temperature decreases. Volume-temperature data for a 1-mole sample of methane gas at 1 atm are listed and graphed in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Charles2" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Charles2">Figure 23.11</a>.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Charles2" class="os-figure"><p id="p_eIBA" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_eIBA"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.11</span></p><p id="p_GNJp" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_GNJp">The volume and temperature are linearly related for 1 mole of methane gas at a constant pressure of 1 atm. If the temperature is in kelvin, volume and temperature are directly proportional. The line stops at 111 K because methane liquefies at this temperature; when extrapolated, it intersects the graph’s origin, representing a temperature of absolute zero.</p><figure class="" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Charles2"><span id="fs-idm62135472" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure includes a table and a graph. The table has 3 columns and 6 rows. The first row is a header, which labels the columns “Temperature, degrees C,” “Temperature, K,” and “Pressure, k P a.” The first column contains the values from top to bottom negative 100, negative 50, 0, 100, and 200. The second column contains the values from top to bottom 173, 223, 273, 373, and 473. The third column contains the values 14.10, 18.26, 22.40, 30.65, and 38.88. A graph appears to the right of the table. The horizontal axis is labeled “Temperature ( K ).” with markings and labels provided for multiples of 100 beginning at 0 and ending at 300. The vertical axis is labeled “Volume ( L )” with marking and labels provided for multiples of 10, beginning at 0 and ending at 30. Five data points from the table are plotted on the graph with black dots. These dots are connected with a solid black line. The graph shows a positive linear trend."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_4.jpg" alt="This figure includes a table and a graph. The table has 3 columns and 6 rows. The first row is a header, which labels the columns “Temperature, degrees C,” “Temperature, K,” and “Pressure, k P a.” The first column contains the values from top to bottom negative 100, negative 50, 0, 100, and 200. The second column contains the values from top to bottom 173, 223, 273, 373, and 473. The third column contains the values 14.10, 18.26, 22.40, 30.65, and 38.88. A graph appears to the right of the table. The horizontal axis is labeled “Temperature ( K ).” with markings and labels provided for multiples of 100 beginning at 0 and ending at 300. The vertical axis is labeled “Volume ( L )” with marking and labels provided for multiples of 10, beginning at 0 and ending at 30. Five data points from the table are plotted on the graph with black dots. These dots are connected with a solid black line. The graph shows a positive linear trend." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_qIKd" name="img_qIKd" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_4.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idp38621856" class="" name="fs-idp38621856">The relationship between the volume and temperature of a given amount of gas at constant pressure is known as Charles’s law in recognition of the French scientist and balloon flight pioneer Jacques Alexandre César Charles. <span id="term354" class="" data-type="term">Charles’s law</span> states that <em class="" data-effect="italics">the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the pressure is held constant</em>.</p><p id="fs-idp174747472" class="" name="fs-idp174747472">Mathematically, this can be written as:</p><div id="fs-idm59931152" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-829-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mtext>constant</mtext><mtext>·</mtext><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mtext>·</mtext><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mtext>/</mtext><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>/</mtext><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mi>V</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mtext>constant</mtext><mtext>·</mtext><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mtext>·</mtext><mi>T</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mtext>/</mtext><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>/</mtext><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">constant</mtext><mtext class="">·</mtext><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mtext class="">·</mtext><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mtext class="">/</mtext><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mtext class="">/</mtext><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mtext class="">constant</mtext><mtext class="">·</mtext><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mtext class="">·</mtext><mi class="">T</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mtext class="">/</mtext><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mtext class="">/</mtext><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idp134528" class="" name="fs-idp134528">with <em class="" data-effect="italics">k</em> being a proportionality constant that depends on the amount and pressure of the gas.</p><p id="fs-idp8180592" class="" name="fs-idp8180592">For a confined, constant pressure gas sample, <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-830-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mi>V</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mi>V</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mi class="">T</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mi class="">T</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> is constant (i.e., the ratio = <em class="" data-effect="italics">k</em>), and as seen with the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> relationship, this leads to another form of Charles’s law: <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-831-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>.</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo class="">.</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo class="">.</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><div id="fs-idm45782128" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_vMNj" name="h3_vMNj"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23</span><span class="os-number">.6</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_uXTZ" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_uXTZ">Predicting Change in Volume with Temperature</h4>A sample of carbon dioxide, CO<sub class="">2</sub>, occupies 0.300 L at 10 °C and 750 torr. What volume will the gas have at 30 °C and 750 torr?<h4 id="h4_tazj" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_tazj">Solution</h4>Because we are looking for the volume change caused by a temperature change at constant pressure, this is a job for Charles’s law. Taking <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">1</sub> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">1</sub> as the initial values, <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the temperature at which the volume is unknown and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the unknown volume, and converting °C into K we have:<div id="fs-idp22541168" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-832-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mtext>which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>L</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>283</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>303</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mtext>which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>L</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>283</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>303</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">L</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">283</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">303</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">L</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">283</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">303</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idp170393776" class="" name="fs-idp170393776">Rearranging and solving gives: <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-833-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>L</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>303</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>283</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>0.321</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>L</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>L</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>303</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>283</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mtext>K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>0.321</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>L</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">L</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">303</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">283</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">0.321</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">L</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">0.300</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">L</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">303</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">283</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mtext class="">K</mtext></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">0.321</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">L</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idp111256368" class="" name="fs-idp111256368">This answer supports our expectation from Charles’s law, namely, that raising the gas temperature (from 283 K to 303 K) at a constant pressure will yield an increase in its volume (from 0.300 L to 0.321 L).</p><h4 id="h4_umfC" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_umfC">Check Your Learning</h4>A sample of oxygen, O<sub class="">2</sub>, occupies 32.2 mL at 30 °C and 452 torr. What volume will it occupy at –70 °C and the same pressure?<div id="fs-idm7218016" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_cO9kCAq0" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_cO9kCAq0" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_bvrg" name="h3_bvrg" data-mce-href="#answer_cO9kCAq0" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><section id="answer_cO9kCAq0" class="collapse list-group-item"><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idp96328352" class="" name="fs-idp96328352">21.6 mL</p></div></section></div></div></div><div id="fs-idm51209248" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_yuhL" name="h3_yuhL"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23</span><span class="os-number">.7</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_hpCB" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_hpCB">Measuring Temperature with a Volume Change</h4>Temperature is sometimes measured with a gas thermometer by observing the change in the volume of the gas as the temperature changes at constant pressure. The hydrogen in a particular hydrogen gas thermometer has a volume of 150.0 cm<sup class="">3</sup> when immersed in a mixture of ice and water (0.00 °C). When immersed in boiling liquid ammonia, the volume of the hydrogen, at the same pressure, is 131.7 cm<sup class="">3</sup>. Find the temperature of boiling ammonia on the kelvin and Celsius scales.<h4 id="h4_Kpur" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_Kpur">Solution</h4>A volume change caused by a temperature change at constant pressure means we should use Charles’s law. Taking <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">1</sub> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">1</sub> as the initial values, <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the temperature at which the volume is unknown and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the unknown volume, and converting °C into K we have:<div id="fs-idp40102160" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-834-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mtext>which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mtext>which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">which means that</mtext><mspace width="0.4em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idp6920384" class="" name="fs-idp6920384">Rearrangement gives <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-835-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msup><mrow><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>239.8</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msup><mrow><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>239.8</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>K</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">239.8</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">T</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">131.7</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">273.15</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">150.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msup class=""><mrow class=""><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">cm</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mn class="">3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">239.8</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">K</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span></p><p id="fs-idm36267744" class="" name="fs-idm36267744">Subtracting 273.15 from 239.8 K, we find that the temperature of the boiling ammonia on the Celsius scale is –33.4 °C.</p><h4 id="h4_ZNao" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_ZNao">Check Your Learning</h4>What is the volume of a sample of ethane at 467 K and 1.1 atm if it occupies 405 mL at 298 K and 1.1 atm?<div id="fs-idm69251328" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_w2PfkON5" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_w2PfkON5" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_qIwv" name="h3_qIwv" data-mce-href="#answer_w2PfkON5" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><section id="answer_w2PfkON5" class="collapse list-group-item"><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idp170212592" class="" name="fs-idp170212592">635 mL</p></div></section></div></div></div><h3 class="" data-type="title" id="h3_siDe" name="h3_siDe">Volume and Pressure: Boyle’s Law</h3><p id="fs-idm87156432" class="" name="fs-idm87156432">If we partially fill an airtight syringe with air, the syringe contains a specific amount of air at constant temperature, say 25 °C. If we slowly push in the plunger while keeping temperature constant, the gas in the syringe is compressed into a smaller volume and its pressure increases; if we pull out the plunger, the volume increases and the pressure decreases. This example of the effect of volume on the pressure of a given amount of a confined gas is true in general. Decreasing the volume of a contained gas will increase its pressure, and increasing its volume will decrease its pressure. In fact, if the volume increases by a certain factor, the pressure decreases by the same factor, and vice versa. Volume-pressure data for an air sample at room temperature are graphed in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a>.</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" class="os-figure"><p id="p_mRWZ" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_mRWZ"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.12</span></p><p id="p_emPP" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_emPP">When a gas occupies a smaller volume, it exerts a higher pressure; when it occupies a larger volume, it exerts a lower pressure (assuming the amount of gas and the temperature do not change). Since <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> are inversely proportional, a graph of <span id="MathJax-Element-836-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span> vs. <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> is linear.</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1"><span id="fs-idm8799376" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure contains a diagram and two graphs. The diagram shows a syringe labeled with a scale in m l or c c with multiples of 5 labeled beginning at 5 and ending at 30. The markings halfway between these measurements are also provided. Attached at the top of the syringe is a pressure gauge with a scale marked by fives from 40 on the left to 5 on the right. The gauge needle rests between 10 and 15, slightly closer to 15. The syringe plunger position indicates a volume measurement about halfway between 10 and 15 m l or c c. The first graph is labeled “V ( m L )” on the horizontal axis and “P ( p s i )” on the vertical axis. Points are labeled at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 m L with corresponding values of 39.0, 19.5, 13.0, 9.8, and 6.5 p s i. The points are connected with a smooth curve that is declining at a decreasing rate of change. The second graph is labeled “V ( m L )” on the horizontal axis and “1 divided by P ( p s i )” on the vertical axis. The horizontal axis is labeled at multiples of 5, beginning at zero and extending up to 35 m L. The vertical axis is labeled by multiples of 0.02, beginning at 0 and extending up to 0.18. Six points indicated by black dots on this graph are connected with a black line segment showing a positive linear trend."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_5.jpg" alt="This figure contains a diagram and two graphs. The diagram shows a syringe labeled with a scale in m l or c c with multiples of 5 labeled beginning at 5 and ending at 30. The markings halfway between these measurements are also provided. Attached at the top of the syringe is a pressure gauge with a scale marked by fives from 40 on the left to 5 on the right. The gauge needle rests between 10 and 15, slightly closer to 15. The syringe plunger position indicates a volume measurement about halfway between 10 and 15 m l or c c. The first graph is labeled “V ( m L )” on the horizontal axis and “P ( p s i )” on the vertical axis. Points are labeled at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 m L with corresponding values of 39.0, 19.5, 13.0, 9.8, and 6.5 p s i. The points are connected with a smooth curve that is declining at a decreasing rate of change. The second graph is labeled “V ( m L )” on the horizontal axis and “1 divided by P ( p s i )” on the vertical axis. The horizontal axis is labeled at multiples of 5, beginning at zero and extending up to 35 m L. The vertical axis is labeled by multiples of 0.02, beginning at 0 and extending up to 0.18. Six points indicated by black dots on this graph are connected with a black line segment showing a positive linear trend." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_ImEg" name="img_ImEg" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_5.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm298625584" class="" name="fs-idm298625584">Unlike the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em> relationships, pressure and volume are not directly proportional to each other. Instead, <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> exhibit inverse proportionality: Increasing the pressure results in a decrease of the volume of the gas. Mathematically this can be written:</p><div id="fs-idp169510384" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-837-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>1</mn><mtext>/</mtext><mi>V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mtext>·</mtext><mn>1</mn><mtext>/</mtext><mi>V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>P</mi><mtext>·</mtext><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mi>P</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>1</mn><mtext>/</mtext><mi>V</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mtext>·</mtext><mn>1</mn><mtext>/</mtext><mi>V</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>P</mi><mtext>·</mtext><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">1</mn><mtext class="">/</mtext><mi class="">V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mtext class="">·</mtext><mn class="">1</mn><mtext class="">/</mtext><mi class="">V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mtext class="">·</mtext><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">α</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">1</mn><mtext class="">/</mtext><mi class="">V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mtext class="">·</mtext><mn class="">1</mn><mtext class="">/</mtext><mi class="">V</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">P</mi><mtext class="">·</mtext><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm132946352" class="" name="fs-idm132946352">with <em class="" data-effect="italics">k</em> being a constant. Graphically, this relationship is shown by the straight line that results when plotting the inverse of the pressure <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-838-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> versus the volume (<em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em>), or the inverse of volume <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-839-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>V</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>V</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">V</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">V</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> versus the pressure (<em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>). Graphs with curved lines are difficult to read accurately at low or high values of the variables, and they are more difficult to use in fitting theoretical equations and parameters to experimental data. For those reasons, scientists often try to find a way to “linearize” their data. If we plot <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> versus <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em>, we obtain a hyperbola (see <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Boyleslaw2" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_Boyleslaw2">Figure 23.13</a>).</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Boyleslaw2" class="os-figure"><p id="p_atLC" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_atLC"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.13</span></p><p id="p_txrp" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_txrp">The relationship between pressure and volume is inversely proportional. (a) The graph of <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> vs. <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> is a hyperbola, whereas (b) the graph of <span id="MathJax-Element-840-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mo class="">(</mo><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow><mo class="">)</mo></mrow></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span> vs. <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> is linear.</p><figure class="scaled-down" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_02_Boyleslaw2"><span id="fs-idm137483904" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This diagram shows two graphs. In a, a graph is shown with volume on the horizontal axis and pressure on the vertical axis. A curved line is shown on the graph showing a decreasing trend with a decreasing rate of change. In b, a graph is shown with volume on the horizontal axis and one divided by pressure on the vertical axis. A line segment, beginning at the origin of the graph, shows a positive, linear trend."><img class="mx-auto d-block img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_6.jpg" alt="This diagram shows two graphs. In a, a graph is shown with volume on the horizontal axis and pressure on the vertical axis. A curved line is shown on the graph showing a decreasing trend with a decreasing rate of change. In b, a graph is shown with volume on the horizontal axis and one divided by pressure on the vertical axis. A line segment, beginning at the origin of the graph, shows a positive, linear trend." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_PrMz" name="img_PrMz" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_6.jpg"></span></figure></div><p id="fs-idm207692112" class="" name="fs-idm207692112">The relationship between the volume and pressure of a given amount of gas at constant temperature was first published by the English natural philosopher Robert Boyle over 300 years ago. It is summarized in the statement now known as <span id="term355" class="" data-type="term">Boyle’s law</span>: <em class="" data-effect="italics">The volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure under which it is measured.</em></p><div id="fs-idp10418864" class="ui-has-child-title callout" data-type="example"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" id="h3_vhwE" name="h3_vhwE"><span class="os-title-label">Example 23</span><span class="os-number">.8</span></h3></header><div class="body"><h4 id="h4_MyAG" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_MyAG">Volume of a Gas Sample</h4>The sample of gas in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a> has a volume of 15.0 mL at a pressure of 13.0 psi. Determine the pressure of the gas at a volume of 7.5 mL, using:<p id="fs-idm127753872" class="" name="fs-idm127753872">(a) the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a></p><p id="fs-idm129344864" class="" name="fs-idm129344864">(b) the <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-841-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> vs. <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a></p><p id="fs-idm92820144" class="" name="fs-idm92820144">(c) the Boyle’s law equation</p><p id="fs-idm215125536" class="" name="fs-idm215125536">Comment on the likely accuracy of each method.</p><h4 id="h4_iyYb" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_iyYb">Solution</h4>(a) Estimating from the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph gives a value for <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> somewhere around 27 psi.<p id="fs-idm112322224" class="" name="fs-idm112322224">(b) Estimating from the <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-842-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> versus <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph give a value of about 26 psi.</p><p id="fs-idm124214336" class="" name="fs-idm124214336">(c) From Boyle’s law, we know that the product of pressure and volume (<em class="" data-effect="italics">PV</em>) for a given sample of gas at a constant temperature is always equal to the same value. Therefore we have <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">1</sub><em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">1</sub> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">k</em> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">2</sub><em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">2</sub> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">k</em> which means that <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">1</sub><em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">1</sub> = <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">2</sub><em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">2</sub>.</p><p id="fs-idm207111184" class="" name="fs-idm207111184">Using <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">1</sub> and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">1</sub> as the known values 13.0 psi and 15.0 mL, <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the pressure at which the volume is unknown, and <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em><sub class="">2</sub> as the unknown volume, we have:</p><div id="fs-idp70444944" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-843-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>mL</mtext><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>mL</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>mL</mtext><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>mL</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">mL</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">mL</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">or</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">mL</mtext><mo class="">=</mo><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">mL</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm167382656" class="" name="fs-idm167382656">Solving:</p><div id="fs-idp79285632" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-844-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mn>15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>26</mn><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mtext>psi</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><mn>13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mn>15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow><mn>7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike"><mrow><mtext>mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mn>26</mn><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mtext>psi</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">26</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">psi</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">P</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><mn class="">13.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">psi</mtext><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mn class="">15.0</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow><mrow class=""><mn class="">7.5</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><menclose notation="horizontalstrike" class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">mL</mtext></mrow></menclose></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mn class="">26</mn><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mtext class="">psi</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm146893296" class="" name="fs-idm146893296">It was more difficult to estimate well from the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph, so (a) is likely more inaccurate than (b) or (c). The calculation will be as accurate as the equation and measurements allow.</p><h4 id="h4_QcEz" class="" data-type="title" name="h4_QcEz">Check Your Learning</h4>The sample of gas in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a> has a volume of 30.0 mL at a pressure of 6.5 psi. Determine the volume of the gas at a pressure of 11.0 psi, using:<p id="fs-idm161358576" class="" name="fs-idm161358576">(a) the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a></p><p id="fs-idm130543696" class="" name="fs-idm130543696">(b) the <span class="os-math-in-para"><span id="MathJax-Element-845-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mn class="">1</mn><mi class="">P</mi></mfrac></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></span> vs. <em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph in <a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_03_BoylesLaw1">Figure 23.12</a></p><p id="fs-idm208892896" class="" name="fs-idm208892896">(c) the Boyle’s law equation</p><p id="fs-idm265464784" class="" name="fs-idm265464784">Comment on the likely accuracy of each method.</p><div id="fs-idp7933296" class="ui-has-child-title list-group my-4" data-type="note"><header class="mx-0 my-0 p-0"><h3 href="#answer_kxlccE0e" style="cursor: pointer;" class="os-title my-0 py-2 px-0 px-3 no-border-radius" data-type="title" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="answer_kxlccE0e" data-bs-toggle="collapse" id="h3_HGzB" name="h3_HGzB" data-mce-href="#answer_kxlccE0e" data-mce-style="cursor: pointer;">Answer</h3></header><section id="answer_kxlccE0e" class="collapse list-group-item"><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idm53855168" class="" name="fs-idm53855168">(a) about 17–18 mL; (b) ~18 mL; (c) 17.7 mL; it was more difficult to estimate well from the <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em>-<em class="" data-effect="italics">V</em> graph, so (a) is likely more inaccurate than (b); the calculation will be as accurate as the equation and measurements allow</p></div></section></div></div></div><div id="fs-idm202428608" class="chemistry everyday-life ui-has-child-title callout exercises" data-type="note"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" data-type="title" id="h3_UXLd" name="h3_UXLd"><span class="os-title-label">Chemistry in Everyday Life</span></h3></header><div class="os-note-body"><h4 id="12" class="os-subtitle" data-type="title" name="12"><span class="os-subtitle-label">Breathing and Boyle’s Law</span></h4><p id="fs-idm208195776" class="" name="fs-idm208195776">What do you do about 20 times per minute for your whole life, without break, and often without even being aware of it? The answer, of course, is respiration, or breathing. How does it work? It turns out that the gas laws apply here. Your lungs take in gas that your body needs (oxygen) and get rid of waste gas (carbon dioxide). Lungs are made of spongy, stretchy tissue that expands and contracts while you breathe. When you inhale, your diaphragm and intercostal muscles (the muscles between your ribs) contract, expanding your chest cavity and making your lung volume larger. The increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure (Boyle’s law). This causes air to flow into the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure). When you exhale, the process reverses: Your diaphragm and rib muscles relax, your chest cavity contracts, and your lung volume decreases, causing the pressure to increase (Boyle’s law again), and air flows out of the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure). You then breathe in and out again, and again, repeating this Boyle’s law cycle for the rest of your life (<a class="autogenerated-content" href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_BoylesLaw4" data-mce-href="#CNX_Chem_09_02_BoylesLaw4">Figure 23.14</a>).</p><div id="CNX_Chem_09_02_BoylesLaw4" class="os-figure"><p id="p_BSCD" class="os-caption-container table_figure_number" name="p_BSCD"><span class="os-title-label">Figure 23.14</span></p><p id="p_pnrw" class="os-caption table_figure_title" name="p_pnrw">Breathing occurs because expanding and contracting lung volume creates small pressure differences between your lungs and your surroundings, causing air to be drawn into and forced out of your lungs.</p><figure class="" data-id="CNX_Chem_09_02_BoylesLaw4"><span id="fs-idm198513808" class="" data-type="media" data-alt="This figure contains two diagrams of a cross section of the human head and torso. The first diagram on the left is labeled “Inspiration.” It shows curved arrows in gray proceeding through the nasal passages and mouth to the lungs. An arrow points downward from the diaphragm, which is relatively flat, just beneath the lungs. This arrow is labeled “Diaphragm contracts.” At the entrance to the mouth and nasal passages, a label of P subscript lungs equals 1 dash 3 torr lower” is provided. The second, similar diagram, which is labeled “Expiration,” reverses the direction of both arrows. Arrows extend from the lungs out through the nasal passages and mouth. Similarly, an arrow points up to the diaphragm, showing a curved diaphragm and lungs reduced in size from the previous image. This arrow is labeled “Diaphragm relaxes.” At the entrance to the mouth and nasal passages, a label of P subscript lungs equals 1 dash 3 torr higher” is provided."><img class="col-12 img-fluid" src="https://open.byu.edu/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_7.jpg" alt="This figure contains two diagrams of a cross section of the human head and torso. The first diagram on the left is labeled “Inspiration.” It shows curved arrows in gray proceeding through the nasal passages and mouth to the lungs. An arrow points downward from the diaphragm, which is relatively flat, just beneath the lungs. This arrow is labeled “Diaphragm contracts.” At the entrance to the mouth and nasal passages, a label of P subscript lungs equals 1 dash 3 torr lower” is provided. The second, similar diagram, which is labeled “Expiration,” reverses the direction of both arrows. Arrows extend from the lungs out through the nasal passages and mouth. Similarly, an arrow points up to the diaphragm, showing a curved diaphragm and lungs reduced in size from the previous image. This arrow is labeled “Diaphragm relaxes.” At the entrance to the mouth and nasal passages, a label of P subscript lungs equals 1 dash 3 torr higher” is provided." data-media-type="image/jpeg" id="img_jzjk" name="img_jzjk" data-mce-src="/content_images/general_college_chemistry/DKVQ_7.jpg"></span></figure></div></div></div><h3 class="" data-type="title" id="h3_IKEL" name="h3_IKEL">Moles of Gas and Volume: Avogadro’s Law</h3><p id="fs-idm52917120" class="" name="fs-idm52917120">The Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro advanced a hypothesis in 1811 to account for the behavior of gases, stating that equal volumes of all gases, measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Over time, this relationship was supported by many experimental observations as expressed by <span id="term356" class="" data-type="term">Avogadro’s law</span>: <em class="" data-effect="italics">For a confined gas, the volume (V) and number of moles (n) are directly proportional if the pressure and temperature both remain constant</em>.</p><p id="fs-idp65662512" class="" name="fs-idp65662512">In equation form, this is written as:</p><div id="fs-idm8943936" class="unnumbered" data-type="equation"><div class="MathJax_Display"><span id="MathJax-Element-846-Frame" class="MathJax" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mi>n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" ></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content"><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>×</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mi>n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="0.2em"></mspace><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>" data-mce-style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: initial; display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" data-mce-tabindex="0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class=""><semantics class=""><mrow class=""><mrow class=""><mtable class=""><mtr class=""><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">∝</mo><mi class="">n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">n</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">n</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content" class=""><mrow class=""><mtable class=""><mtr class=""><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">∝</mo><mi class="">n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mo class="">=</mo><mi class="">k</mi><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">×</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mi class="">n</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mtext class="">or</mtext></mrow></mtd><mtd class=""><mrow class=""><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">n</mi><mn class="">1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mo class="">=</mo><mspace width="0.2em" class=""></mspace><mfrac class=""><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">V</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow class=""><msub class=""><mi class="">n</mi><mn class="">2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math></span></div></div><p id="fs-idm94717808" class="" name="fs-idm94717808">Mathematical relationships can also be determined for the other variable pairs, such as <em class="" data-effect="italics">P</em> versus <em class="" data-effect="italics">n</em>, and <em class="" data-effect="italics">n</em> versus <em class="" data-effect="italics">T</em>.</p><div id="fs-idm50116432" class="chemistry link-to-learning ui-has-child-title callout info" data-type="note"><header class=""><h3 class="os-title" data-type="title" id="h3_ZwRn" name="h3_ZwRn"><span class="os-title-label">Link to Learning</span></h3></header><div class="os-note-body"><p id="fs-idm91270672" class="" name="fs-idm91270672">Explore this interaction PhET simulation to investigate the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. Use the simulation to examine the effect of changing one parameter on another while holding the other parameters constant (as described in the preceding sections on the various gas laws).</p><div class="artifact_view ratio ratio-16x9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item border border-secondary" src="https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-properties_en.html"></iframe></div></div></div><div class="" data-type="footnote-refs"><div class="callout exercises" data-callout-custom-class="exercises"><h3 class="" id="h3_Bykh" name="h3_Bykh">Link to Supplemental Exercises</h3><p id="p_VMTe" class="" name="p_VMTe"><a class="" href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-exercises#fs-idm79480432" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-MPMV" data-unshortened-url="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-exercises#fs-idm79480432" data-mce-href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-exercises#fs-idm79480432">Supplemental exercises</a> are available if you would like more practice with these concepts.</p></div><h3 class="" data-type="footnote-refs-title" id="h3_NVqF" name="h3_NVqF">Footnotes</h3><ol id="ul_MuLJ" class="" data-list-type="bulleted" data-bullet-style="none" name="ul_MuLJ"><li id="fs-idm320555200" class="" data-type="footnote-ref" name="fs-idm320555200"><span class="" data-type="footnote-ref-content">The IUPAC definition of standard pressure was changed from 1 atm to 1 bar (100 kPa) in 1982, but the prior definition remains in use by many literature resources and will be used in this text.</span></li></ol></div>
Copy
Download
Back to Downloads