Index
Activities 53Bullying 10Chromebook 3Classroom Management 4Coding 36Connectivism 13Constructivism 11Engagement 17Feedback 17Games 13iPad 14Language 66Lesson Plan 15Mobile 8Motivation 13OER 22PICRAT 9Planning 19Pornography 11Privacy 11Safety 10STEAM 20
Activities
Connectivism
- … specialized communities are important Activities.
- … understanding of the state of Activities organizationally.
- … intensifies existing large effort Activities. Brown provides the example of a Maricopa…
- … face in knowledge management Activities. Knowledge that resides in a database needs…
- … connection making as learning Activities begins to move learning theories into a…
Lifelong Learning
- … Sal had to change some of his Activities and the things that he posted to be sure…
- … plans, rubrics, and classroom Activities descriptions. You can also elicit feedback…
- … for experiments and other class Activities. And on Twitter, she follows celebrity…
- … be thoughtful about how their Activities online and approaches to information seeking…
- … finds herself spicing up her Activities not for her students but for the blog post…
- … devote to formal lifelong learning Activities, such as professional development…
- … Pinterest, she should consider how her Activities might be interpreted and whether…
- … resources and reflecting on classroom Activities. An RSS aggregator helps you from…
Blogging
- Blogging Activities for Student Buy-In
- … sure that students are ready for Activities like blogging.
- … simply think about some of the Activities that you have been doing in your classroom…
- … inform their families about class Activities.
- … frequency, such as science and school Activities.
- … Council member had a blog, what Activities would he/she blog about? If the school’s…
Computational Thinking
English Language Learning
- … Oftentimes, participating in such Activities, ELLs are also given the space to reflect…
- … Caroline then provided various Activities to teach students how to create a good…
Foreign Language Teaching, Part 1
- … have opportunities to lead the Activities in the classroom and to do more than just…
- … audio to describe their favorite Activities, talk about family, narrate a story,…
- … make choices about the types of Activities they are interested in, students become…
Foreign Language Teaching, Part 2
- … this lesson unit, she designed Activities and projects that prompt students to introduce…
- … questions, clothing, and some daily Activities. The topic of this lesson is food.…
Gamification
- … not want to engage in classroom Activities - no matter how the material is presented.…
- … assignments, quizzes, exams and Activities. A core component of a gamified classroom…
iPad Learning Centers
- … the most common instructional Activities used by many early elementary teachers.…
- … by providing a wide range of Activities to help students (Tomlinson, 2014). Learning…
- … Kidspiration–to design learning center Activities for reading, writing, and Math.…
- … will also make the rest of the Activities which may relate to the subject easier…
Open Educational Resources
- Practice: Let’s engage in the 5R Activities
- … allowing users to engage in 5R Activities. With the permission to remix and revise,…
- … definitions and examples of the 5R Activities teachers can engage in OER for their…
- … using OER and engaging in the 5R Activities in two ways:
- … for and engage OER in the 5R Activities because OER are made available under open…
- … Williams already has an idea what Activities can be integrated in a lesson plan…
- … access and permission for 5R Activities:
STEAM Mindset
- Activities
- … enjoyable manner in this series of Activities. Initially, the teacher conducts classroom…
- … called CARTS (Concept/Content, Activities, Resources, Technology, Support) to provide…
- … learning content or engaging in Activities. STEAM is a mindset for growth that incorporates…
- … with authentic project-based Activities and genuine feedback.
Digital Equity
Online Professionalism
- … distance yourself from previous Activities or experiences that you do not want to…
- … at school or at school-related Activities," and many districts require their teachers…
- … regarding school or extracurricular Activities, the educator may use text or email,…
- We watch each other's Activities online and draw conclusions about one another, even…
Online Safety
- … district, monitoring of student Activities is essential to ensure that they are…
- … that the teacher can see all Activities in the room at once. The major limitation…
- … ramifications of these kinds of Activities but should also be taught their social…
Bullying
Online Safety
- Addressing CyberBullying with Young Children
- CyberBullying
- … (e.g., child pornography, cyberBullying). Given the severity of many of these…
- … may approach the issue of cyberBullying with skepticism, either because they do…
- … following statements about cyberBullying are true?
- Bullying has always been a problem in schools. In fact, most people who have gone…
- Bullying online can feel even more real and pervasive than Bullying offline.
- … privacy, inappropriate content, cyberBullying, and the creation and sharing of…
- … in speaking out against cyberBullying and addressing specific instances of abuse…
- CyberBullying is a form of Bullying that uses internet and other technologies as…
Chromebook
Technology Integration
- … personnel might want to provide Chromebooks to students (which are easy to manage…
- … administrator might want to purchase Chromebooks, and a principal might want to…
English Language Learning
Classroom Management
Lifelong Learning
Blogging
- … wrote, or discuss ideas for future Classroom Management plans. Any topic that you are interested,…
- … recently implemented, or a new Classroom Management strategy you’re trying, writing these…
Online Safety
Coding
Coding
- Coding and its relationship to ISTE Standards
- What Coding looks like in the classroom
- Why is Coding in the K-12 classroom important?
- Coding resources and additional study
- Low or No-Cost Coding Tools for the Classroom
- Coding with Scratch
- Coding Resources for Professional Study
- Web-based Software for Coding
- Basic Coding Concepts
- … Books to Encourage a Love of Coding
- Robots for Hands-on Coding Application
- Coding touches on most of the ISTE (International Society for Technology in…
- … first start with the belief that Coding is for everyone and everyone needs to…
- For many Coding games or apps, once the blocks are arranged, a program can be…
- Coding involves problem-solving, perseverance, collaboration, mathematical logic,…
- When teaching “plugged” Coding, computer availability might be a concern.…
- Many times during a Coding project students need assistance to troubleshoot their…
- … feedback on their work. During the Coding process students troubleshoot and…
- The last ISTE standard Coding meets is the one that is most obvious. That is…
- … teachers with an overview of Coding and how it is being taught in the K-12 setting.
- … computers might start with simple Coding programs. Simple Coding programs for…
- Coding is simply a language that a computer can use to complete a task. It is…
- Research shows a growing need for Coding in the job market. Computing jobs are…
- … computational thinking strategies with Coding as part of the curriculum in elementary…
- … develop an idea and use their Coding to seek a solution. These students are…
- … H. (2013, October 3). Should Coding be the "new foreign language" requirement?…
- … to aide in the integration of Coding across the curriculum. Much of what is…
- While the idea of teaching Coding may seem overwhelming and complex, basic Coding…
- … progress from simple to more complex Coding concepts and teachers can track…
- … May 26). 10 reasons to teach Coding [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://brianaspinall.com/10-reasons-to-teach-Coding-sketchnote-by-sylviaduckworth/
Computational Thinking
- … engaging students in an unplugged Coding activity. However, since CT does involve…
- … different skill set, specifically in Coding and computer science" (CNN Wire,…
- … Try computational thinking (not Coding. Retrieved from EdSurge News: https://edtechbooks.org/-Pz
- … 27). 3 easy lessons that teach Coding and computational thinking. Retrieved…
- … before computer programming - or Coding, as it is sometimes called - many believe…
Universal Design for Learning
Connectivism
Technology Integration
- Connectivism
- … distributed with external devices. Connectivism holds that the process and goals…
- … constructivism, constructionism, and Connectivism. Each of these theories has been…
Connectivism
- Connectivism
- Principles of Connectivism:
- Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. International…
- The notion of Connectivism has implications in all aspects of life. This paper largely…
- The starting point of Connectivism is the individual. Personal knowledge is comprised…
- … personal network is the epitome of Connectivism.
- Connectivism is driven by the understanding that decisions are based on rapidly altering…
- Connectivism also addresses the challenges that many corporations face in knowledge…
- Connectivism presents a model of learning that acknowledges the tectonic shifts in…
- Connectivism is the integration of principles explored by chaos, network, and complexity…
Constructivism
Technology Integration
- Constructivism
- … constructed in the mind, some then took Constructivism to the stage of a pedagogical…
- … influence how learning occurs, Constructivism arose as a means for understanding how…
- … include behaviorism, cognitivism, Constructivism, constructionism, and connectivism.…
Connectivism
- … Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism
- … initially defy order. Unlike Constructivism, which states that learners attempt to foster…
- … behaviorism, cognitivism, and Constructivism – namely, learning as a lasting changed…
- … Behaviorism, cognitivism, and Constructivism (built on the epistemological traditions)…
- … Behaviorism, cognitivism, and Constructivism do not attempt to address the challenges…
- Behaviorism, cognitivism, and Constructivism are the three broad learning theories most…
- Constructivism suggests that learners create knowledge as they attempt to understand…
Engagement
Blogging
Computational Thinking
Gamification
- … behaviors to increase motivation and Engagement. Similar to ClassCraft [https://www.classcraft.com/],…
- … gameful experiences, can impact Engagement, motivate target behaviors and drive…
- … can be used to increase student Engagement when gamifying academic content in the…
- … effective way to promote active Engagement in learning by allowing students to make…
iPad Learning Centers
Open Educational Resources
STEAM Mindset
Digital Equity
Universal Design for Learning
- Multiple Means of Engagement
- … consideration in lesson planning, though Engagement must go beyond the hook. Once…
- … transform student learning and Engagement.
- … as they can affect readiness, Engagement, motivation, meaning making, and memory.…
- … network correlates with learner Engagement. The guidelines have been rearranged…
- … of providing multiple means of Engagement:
- … by providing multiple means of Engagement, representation, action and expression.…
Feedback
Acknowledgements
- Rick West provided Feedback on drafts of the textbook and used remixed versions…
- Tadd Farmer provided Feedback on drafts of the textbook and used remixed versions…
Technology Integration
Lifelong Learning
Information Literacy
Blogging
- … peers. Plus, teachers can then get Feedback on the lesson from others who have…
- … posts with a classmate and offer Feedback to one another.
- … students to read and provide Feedback to one another, opens up the communication…
Coding
English Language Learning
Foreign Language Teaching, Part 1
- … allowing teachers to provide Feedback to students when they need it the most.
- Having Feedback while learning happens is critical for student growth. When teachers…
iPad Learning Centers
STEAM Mindset
- … project-based activities and genuine Feedback.
- … provide meaningful, authentic Feedback that encourages perseverance. As time passes,…
Universal Design for Learning
- … can express their learning. The Feedback students receive from teachers can help…
- … 8.4 (Increase mastery-oriented Feedback), and 9.3 (Develop self-assessment and…
Games
Technology Integration
Coding
- Computer or Mobile Device Assisted Games
- For many coding Games or apps, once the blocks are arranged, a program can be…
- … of digital objects to create Games, visualizations, models, or simulations.…
Gamification
- … for Meaningful Gamification. Games, Learning, Society, 1–7. https://edtechbooks.org/-we
- In his book, What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy,…
- … of the European Conference on Games Based Learning, 1(2009), 50–57.
- Gee, J. P. (2014). What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy.…
- … The motivational pull of video Games: A self-determination theory approach.…
- … teaching through the playing of Games, gamified instruction is the integration…
iPad Learning Centers
Online Professionalism
- … information about the team's Games/tournaments/success. He tells his players…
- … (e.g. Google Docs, online video Games) (University of Texas at Austin, 2011;…
iPad
Technology Integration
- student_iPad_school, Brad Flickinger via Flickr, CC BY 2.0
- student_iPad_school - 225, Brad Flickinger via Flickr, CC BY-SA
- … to manage at scale) instead of iPads (which are not), even though teachers…
- … teacher might want to purchase iPads, a technology administrator might want…
Blogging
English Language Learning
iPad Learning Centers
- … involves reading or using an iPad, consider allowing them to sit on a rug.
- … Figure 2). Therefore, when using iPads in centers, we recommend teachers print…
- … first. For example, teacher group, iPad group, table group, etc.
- … K-2 teachers could incorporate iPad learning centers in the classroom. First,…
- … following section, we introduce two iPad apps that allow for greater engagement…
- Strategies of Using iPads in Centers
- … math centers, computer centers, iPad centers.....etc.
Online Professionalism
Language
Technology Integration
- … as science, math, history, or Language arts. When viewed in this way, teachers…
- … fractions, you must teach them using Language that they will understand and connect…
Blogging
Coding
- Language Arts
- … coding is more than teaching the Language for computing. It is not a Language…
- … format with the more complex Language hidden. For example, Blockly is a visual…
- Coding is simply a Language that a computer can use to complete a task. It is a…
- … classes to count as a foreign Language credit in high school (Zinth, 2015).
- … rules to communicate - that is, Language study - improves thinking by challenging…
- … Should coding be the "new foreign Language" requirement? [Blog post]. Retrieved…
- … option of learning simple coding Languages or even beginning with block-based…
Computational Thinking
- Language Arts & Foreign Language
- … history, math, science, second Languages, and other core and elective subjects…
English Language Learning
- … challenge the dominance of English Language and the cultural values owned and…
- … backgrounds and needs of English Language learners may vary profoundly, one thing…
- … honor their home cultures and Languages and strive to cultivate both the traditional…
- … teacher may not share the same home Language as the students and their families.…
- … communications go beyond written or oral Language. People communicate with one…
- … express themselves with both Language and visual representations.
- … learning opportunities, such as Language exchanges or study abroad experience.…
- … resources for empowering English Language learners through integrating technology…
- … this school are ELLs whose home Language includes Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Arabic,…
- English Language learners (ELLs), who often come from families where Languages…
- … story utilizes things beyond Language to convey meaning to the audience. This…
- … negotiate their identities in the Language learning process. Teachers have used…
Foreign Language Teaching, Part 1
- … have students create with the Language and design materials for their learning…
- … to speech options for use with Language classes. It gives students an opportunity…
- … authentic pieces. In foreign Language classrooms, students can demonstrate their…
- … visuals that can be used in the Language classroom. It has a library full of images,…
- … space their own. In the foreign Language classroom, this is a great way for students…
- … telling their own stories in the Language they are learning.
- … available to implement with Foreign Languages and more. It is a great option to…
Foreign Language Teaching, Part 2
- … integrating technology in foreign Language teaching
- … with the facilitation of body Language, gestures and other techniques for overcoming…
- … selected is from BBC Bitesize Modern Languages (https://edtechbooks.org/-UH),…
- … communicative competence in foreign Language teaching and provide available resources…
- … having students use the target Language does not mean the learning task is authentic.…
- … resources to one another and where Languages mediate the process of meaning negotiation…
- … the easiest task for foreign Language instructors, but thanks to modern technologies,…
- In learning a foreign Language, gaining vocabulary knowledge is an important way…
- It requires more than basic Language skills to make effective communication happen,…
- For Language learners, nothing is more exciting than communicating with a real…
- … World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages proposed by the American Council…
- … can see from the example, all 6 Language skills are equally important and need…
- A communicative Language learning approach heavily emphasizes Language learning…
- … Lee teaches Chinese as foreign Language at the Sunshine Elementary School in the…
- … Theory and research: Audience, Language use, and Language learning. In J. Egbert…
- … students watch for practicing other Language skills. For example, the video Miss…
- … most important goals for foreign Language teaching. Learning a foreign Language…
- … materials and authenticity in foreign Language learning. Language Teaching, 40(2),…
- … knowing the vocabulary, grammar or Language patterns. The foreign Language learners…
- World-readiness standards for learning Languages. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-HWh
- … Integrating "communication" in your Language instruction. The Language Educator.…
- … able to communicate in a foreign Language involves the speaker’s integrated…
- … Dubois teaches French as a foreign Language to students at the Henderson Middle…
- … Government. (n.d.). Supporting English Language learners: Tools, strategies and…
iPad Learning Centers
Open Educational Resources
Digital Equity
Online Professionalism
Online Safety
Universal Design for Learning
- … removes barriers to perception, Language and symbols, and comprehension.
- … countries, speaking 4 different Languages. All of his students come from rich…
- … who speak English as a second Language. Providing access to digital dictionaries…
- … J (2015). Success of English Language Learners: Barriers and Strategies. Retrieved…
- … (Promote understanding across Languages), 3.1 (Activate or supply background knowledge),…
Lesson Plan
Lifelong Learning
Blogging
Computational Thinking
Foreign Language Teaching, Part 1
Open Educational Resources
- … duties, including developing Lesson Plans, creating teaching materials, and documenting…
- … teacher, can search for existing Lesson Plans other 5th grade teachers created that…
- … educational purposes such as videos, Lesson Plans, digital books, online courses,…
Copyright and Open Licensing
- … use. For instance, if you copy a Lesson Plan for use in your classroom without first…
- … song, lyrics, poem, picture, Lesson Plan, web page content, etc. Any creative work…
- Similarly, copying another teacher's Lesson Plan, changing a few words, and posting…
- … (e.g., picture, song, video, Lesson Plan, rubric) does not have a statement of copyright…
Universal Design for Learning
- Lesson Planning with UDL
- … often an early consideration in Lesson Planning, though engagement must go beyond…
- … is one of the first steps in Lesson Planning. Connecting them to state content standards…
- … the UDL guidelines into your Lesson Planning, there are four critical elements to…
Mobile
Lifelong Learning
- … time and anywhere (e.g., via a Mobile device). This means that lifelong learning…
- … respond to these comments on her Mobile phone while monitoring students during…
Coding
Digital Equity
- … slower internet speeds or limited Mobile data plans have limitations on the…
- … website resources not formatted for Mobile phones. Students without access to…
- … is relying on a smartphone and Mobile data plan to complete homework, knowing…
Online Safety
- … eighteen (18), and the internet and Mobile phones have made child pornography…
- Second, and likely more alarming, Mobile technologies, cameras, and texting have…
Motivation
Blogging
Computational Thinking
Gamification
- … that students would have no real Motivation to try risky or challenging assignments…
- … elements such as badges and other Motivational tools. It is likely that Canvas [https://edtechbooks.org/-UC]…
- … & Przybylski, A. (2006). The Motivational pull of video games: A self-determination…
- … student behaviors to increase Motivation and engagement. Similar to ClassCraft [https://www.classcraft.com/],…
- … classroom, in order to increase Motivation and attention on a task (Deterding et…
- … they may diminish the intrinsic Motivation of students on other assignments (Hanus…
- … longitudinal study on intrinsic Motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort,…
STEAM Mindset
- … curriculum. STEAM is a mindset of Self-Motivation, Thinking, Energizing, Adventure,…
- … outward, to motivate and to look for Motivation, to absorb learning, make learning,…
Universal Design for Learning
- … affect readiness, engagement, Motivation, meaning making, and memory. One way to…
- … expectations and beliefs that optimize Motivation)
OER
Open Educational Resources
- Additional Reading Resources of OER
- … Are Open Educational Resources (OER)?
- Openness of OER
- Where Can K-12 Teachers Look for OER?
- OER Attribution
- As a Giver - Make OER for others
- As a Taker - Get useful OER made by other people
- … there are many characteristics of OER that can be beneficial to K-12 teachers…
- More information about OER attribution can be found here: Best Practice for…
- … teachers can use to search for OER for teaching, learning, and their own…
- Lastly, OER can also help teachers keep their instructional materials stay…
- … saving teachers’ time and money, OER can be useful and beneficial for teachers…
- … sharing” is the key concept behind OER. While creators of educational…
- … important characteristics of OER is that OER must be free - both to give…
- … activities teachers can engage in OER for their teaching and learning:
- … have a general understanding of OER, including its definition, characteristics,…
- Anyone can search for and engage OER in the 5R activities because OER are…
- … K-12 Open Educational Resources (OER), more free and quality resources become…
- Utilizing OER can not only save teachers’ money, but also save their time…
- OER can be a wide variety of materials used for educational purposes such…
Copyright and Open Licensing
- … or open educational resources (OER), gratis means that content and resources…
- Open educational resources (OER) are made available from many different sources.…
PICRAT
Technology Integration
- PICRAT
- What does PIC in PICRAT stand for?
- How useful does PICRAT seem to you?
- … about technology integration. PICRAT assumes that there are two foundational…
- … following: TPACK, RAT, SAMR, and PICRAT.
- … Graham, C., & West, R. (2020). The PICRAT model for technology integration in…
Digital Equity
- … Example YouTube Uses Within the PICRAT Model
- The PICRAT technology integration model can also help teachers identify and…
- … second-level digital divides. The PICRAT model and other technology integration…
Planning
Blogging
Computational Thinking
- CT Learning and Lesson Planning Resources Resources
- … about computational thinking and Planning lessons that integrate its components.
- … understandably feel that, unless they are Planning to get an endorsement in information…
- … key words to keep in mind when Planning lessons, guiding discussions, commenting…
Gamification
- … so many variables to consider. Planning is key and the first step in this process…
- … While there is certainly a lot of Planning and thought that needs to go into the…
Digital Equity
Universal Design for Learning
- Lesson Planning with UDL
- … early consideration in lesson Planning, though engagement must go beyond the hook.…
- … of the first steps in lesson Planning. Connecting them to state content standards…
- … have taken this approach: by Planning to address the needs of the students with…
- … fundamentally shift the goal of our Planning away from those in the middle to…
- … students, and is a way to think about Planning classrooms and lessons in ways…
- Intentional Planning for learner variability can take many forms. It may be useful…
- … UDL guidelines into your lesson Planning, there are four critical elements to…
- … intentional and strategic in their Planning to meet the needs of the unique students…
- … background knowledge), 6.2 (Support Planning and strategy development), 8.3 (Foster…
Pornography
Online Professionalism
- … charged with distribution of child Pornography. Pat was also charged for possession…
- … licenses of educator's who access Pornography at school. In addition, there could…
- … possession of possible child Pornography, the educator should not have the student…
Online Safety
- Child Pornography and Sexting
- … students need to understand is child Pornography. Child Pornography is any pornographic…
- … leading them to not only view child Pornography but also to create and share it.…
- … content) and beyond (e.g., child Pornography, cyberbullying). Given the severity…
- … you do if you discover child Pornography on your students' devices?
- … of the laws surrounding child Pornography, and teachers need to counteract social…
- … creation and sharing of child Pornography or sexting.
- First, though Pornography is not itself illegal, Pornography that depicts children…
Privacy
Technology Integration
Blogging
- Student Privacy Concerns
- … teaching students about online Privacy, Common Sense Media [https://edtechbooks.org/-Jwp]…
- … about themselves, to respect Privacy of others and to represent themselves in…
Online Professionalism
- … "privately." The problem is that Privacy in online media is very different from…
- … maintaining appropriate content and Privacy settings on their personal electronic…
Online Safety
- Privacy
- … safety in the classroom (e.g., Privacy, inappropriate content) and beyond (e.g.,…
- … examples of these areas, including: Privacy, inappropriate content, cyberbullying,…
- … Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), requires teachers and other…
- … website values your security and Privacy or that it is run by a company that…
Safety
Blogging
- … students to the ideas of online Safety, and can help make sure that students…
- … challenges in regard to student Safety and digital citizenship. We will discuss…
- … lessons and instruction on online Safety prior to an internet-based activity.…
Online Safety
- Student Safety
- Strategies for Student Safety
- … context of online security and Safety, a hack is when a person or program bypasses…
- … has explored issues of online Safety by focusing on threats to the personal…
- Online Safety for Kids, Intel Free Pass, CC-BY SA
- … role in ensuring their students' Safety and security, but they are not alone…
- … to ensure their own personal Safety and security while using these technologies,…
STEAM
STEAM Mindset
- STEAM Attributes
- A STEAM Mindset
- STEAM Cards (Younger Students)
- STEAM Poster/People Activity (Early Middle School)
- The five STEAM attributes
- … immersed in the components of a STEAM Mindset in an enjoyable manner in this…
- … STEM and its expanded relative, STEAM. STEM refers to the renewed emphasis…
- … Great Grandpa Smith’s model STEAM locomotive became my symbol for the power…
- A STEAM Mindset is important because it is a mental framework that allows an…
- Classes are punctuated with STEAM allusions and techniques. Bulletin boards…
- … keep “learning under your own STEAM” for yourself and your students.
- … chapter is to consider the acronym STEAM in a new light. Rather than considering…
- STEAM is more than teaching and learning content or engaging in activities.…
- Learning is an adventure. A STEAM Mindset brings out the adventurer in individuals.…
- A STEAM Mindset suggests that an individual is an energizer. The person works…
- … becomes more attuned to his or her STEAM Mindset and embraces an adventurous…
- … technology to foster your own STEAM Mindset and to teach others.
- One answer is to look toward a STEAM Mindset. In exploring a STEAM mindset,…
- The STEAM Mindset, in this context, moves from an emphasis on curriculum to…
- … for developing and sustaining a STEAM Mindset. Classrooms throughout the world…