Index
communication 29errors 19feedback 43input 36interaction 51pattern 33pedagogy 27performances 8proficiencies 6stages of development 5variability 6
communication
What Is a Speech Community?
Assumptions to Rethink about English Learners
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Concept 1: communication
- Chart 1. The Concept of communication
- …ting are important literacy skills, but communication is the raison d’être of…
- …ating daily opportunities for authentic communication. When teachers establish a…
- In summary, the concept of communication asks teachers to analyze the types of i…
- …am Teachers focuses on three concepts—communication, Pattern, and Variability
- …ies as described through the concept of communication.
- …to consider three SL literacy concepts: communication, Pattern, and Variability.…
Standards for Effective Pedagogy
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- …unity and to increase the efficiency of communication.
- … commands and yes-no questions in their communication with children than they do…
- Focuses on comprehension and communication and relies on his/her innate capacity…
Input and Second Language Acquisition
The Interdependence Hypothesis
- …erformed the Mexico group in basic oral communication skills in English.…
- …d the essentials of basic interpersonal communication. That is, their pronunciat…
- …distinction between Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitiv…
- …nd it is used primarily in face to face communication and does not place great d…
The Threshold Hypothesis
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- Accurate. Accurate input—communication that is grammatically correct with prop…
- …h real goals. We negotiate meaning. Our communication that is functional refers …
- … group is a natural source of redundant communication. As the students in a smal…
- …edback and correction in the process of communication (“Give me that,” “Su…
Proficiency Levels Defined
- …ritten language is an important form of communication, 2) scanning occurs from l…
- Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS)
- Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS)
- Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS)
Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
errors
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- • Accept and respond to feedback on errors
- Principle 2: errors and Feedback
- …udent, correcting low-level grammatical errors is not simply a matter of knowing…
- …stem is restructured, sometimes causing errors in production that look like back…
- Teacher work is to respond to errors with appropriate feedback, learning opportu…
- …ut, Interaction, Stages of Development, errors and Feedback, Types of Proficienc…
- …ciples: 1) Stages of Development and 2) errors and Feedback. Chart 2 defines the…
- Principle 2: errors and Feedback
Proficiency Levels Defined
Points to Remember About Errors
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
- …he developmental nature and the role of errors in language learning, we recogniz…
- … native speakers judged the severity of errors, errors in appropriateness are co…
- …is being practiced. Correcting too many errors may frustrate the learner and hal…
- … English learners (ELs). In addition to errors in content mastery and literacy, …
- …nd developmental level and attending to errors based on the task goals (i.e., fo…
- …owth mindset, which enables them to see errors as opportunities to learn, grow, …
- …evaluations encourages students to view errors positively and develop a learning…
- …ck accordingly. With language learners, errors occur on two levels -- content an…
- …ills are still limited. When we correct errors and provide feedback in a way tha…
feedback
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- • Accept and respond to feedback on errors
- Principle 2: Errors and feedback
- • Provide direct and specific feedback with guidance for improving quality
- …r’s testing of hypotheses. Errors and feedback are essential to this learning …
- …andings and accepting and responding to feedback are essential for improving the…
- …s to respond to errors with appropriate feedback, learning opportunities, or ser…
- …tion, Stages of Development, Errors and feedback, Types of Proficiencies, and Ty…
- …Stages of Development and 2) Errors and feedback. Chart 2 defines these principl…
- …etter positioned to provide appropriate feedback and make individual and curricu…
- • Provide feedback focused on meaning and then form
- …ide timely, meaningful, and encouraging feedback matched to current development…
- …elop social skills in getting and using feedback from peers. Even though this pr…
- Principle 2: Errors and feedback
Standards for Effective Pedagogy
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- …ey expect you to be saying. This social feedback has a marvelous effect on your …
- … it correctly. Also, as adults give you feedback on your attempts to speak, it i…
- …ral new words every day and, as you get feedback from caregivers, you continue t…
Classroom Routines and Participation Structures
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- …eraction, a student is lucky to get one feedback opportunity; in the same 20 min…
- … asking the question and then providing feedback in the form of praise, comment,…
- …ntial, developmentally appropriate, and feedback-rich.
- feedback Rich. Students talk to each other, providing immediate feedback and cor…
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
- Appropriate feedback
- The feedback that we provide to our English learners still needs to be targeted,…
- Brookhart, S. (2007). feedback that fits. Educational leadership. 65(4), 54-5…
- Effective feedback is specific, which means it is tangible and transparent, acti…
- Providing balanced feedback also means attending to the sociocultural appropriat…
- Along with balanced and differentiated feedback, language learners need feedback…
- …ns, G. (2012). Seven keys to effective feedback. Educational leadership. 70(1),…
- Teaching less and providing more feedback that is targeted, specific, and timely…
- …st always consider how we could use our feedback to help our learners move forwa…
- When providing supportive feedback on student’s writing, teachers should follo…
- We receive feedback all the time. For example, when we are asked to repeat what …
- Effective feedback is timely, meaning it is well-timed, prompt, and ongoing. Eff…
- Effective feedback is targeted, which means it is goal-referenced and consistent…
- Additionally, when we differentiate feedback, we need to make sure that there is…
- Differentiated feedback builds on specific feedback and is related to the term d…
- Supportive feedback also enables the transfer of knowledge of language, content,…
- An example of supportive feedback through recasting:
- … Miller, K. (2012). Research says good feedback is targeted, specific, timely.
- Effective feedback
Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
Lily Wong Fillmore’s Cognitive and Social Strategies for Second Language Learners
input
Language Minority Stories
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- … a new language requires access to rich input (listening/reading) and multiple a…
- Krashen, S. D. (1982). The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. London: Lo…
- …n asks teachers to analyze the types of input their SL learners are exposed to, …
- …ition requires access to comprehensible input; that is, written and oral input t…
- …lity—and six accompanying principles: input, Interaction, Stages of Developmen…
- For the principle of input, student work is to read a lot—for aesthetics, plea…
- …ly plan instruction, using a variety of input and interaction opportunities as d…
- When teachers attend to input in their instruction, they focus on the oral and w…
- Principle 1: input
- Principle 1: input
- In addition to input, learners must also have multiple and varied opportunities …
Five Curriculum Guidelines
Input and Native Language Acquisition
Input and Second Language Acquisition
- Strategies for Providing Comprehensible input
- …for increasing the comprehensibility of input, especially in classroom instructi…
- One final aspect of input that many believe to be important is that of noticing.…
- …in why two learners exposed to the same input might not acquire the L2 at the sa…
- …among the most effective, is negotiated input. This involves both speakers and l…
- …dels of L2 acquisition acknowledge that input, i.e., language heard in a meaning…
- The fourth part of the model is the ‘input hypothesis.’ In it, Krashen claim…
- …alyst to spur research into the role of input in L2 acquisition. In what follows…
- …hers and students play a role in making input more comprehensible.
The Threshold Hypothesis
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- input
- …operative learning provides the kind of input, output, and context that supports…
- …ine how cooperative learning transforms input, output, and context variables in …
- Accurate. Accurate input—communication that is grammatically correct with prop…
- …ompetence: Some roles of comprehensible input in its development. In S.M. Gass, …
- …lex interaction of a number of critical input, output, and context variables. An…
- …t. A student may receive comprehensible input in the zone of proximal developmen…
- …e nature of a cooperative group focuses input in the zone of proximal developmen…
- …le. To facilitate language acquisition, input must be comprehended (Krashen, 198…
- Language acquisition is fostered by input that is comprehensible, developmentall…
Proficiency Levels Defined
Lily Wong Fillmore’s Cognitive and Social Strategies for Second Language Learners
interaction
What Is a Speech Community?
- …ed rules of conversation and linguistic interaction. We have learned to identify…
- …or old concepts. We shared language and interaction patterns with our peers that…
- …d we simply use the language and social interaction patterns that come to us. On…
- …mmunities involve regular, face-to-face interaction between us and a larger grou…
- …eir mother’s voice and the noises and interactions in her environment in the w…
- …art, we can decide what kinds of social interaction and linguistic styles, regis…
- How do they influence classroom interactions and academic achievement?
Coercive vs. Collaborative Relations
- … that it is in that face-to-face interaction between adult and child or child and…
- … to orchestrate our classroom interactions regardless of institutional constraints.…
- … complex, or desirable because of interaction with the majority culture, language,…
- … of Power Manifested in Micro-interactions Between Subordinated Communities and Dominant…
- … What also has an impact on those interactions are policies, practices, programs,…
Inclusive Pedagogy
- …thinking about their practice and their interaction with and teaching of their s…
- …ontrol of the teacher but exists in the interaction between the teacher and the …
Makoto Critical Incident
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- …d multiple and varied opportunities for interaction (speaking/writing). The prin…
- …ly in readings and meaningful classroom interactions.
- …anguage typical of oral, conversational interaction to comprehending nuanced, sp…
- … are exposed to, what opportunities for interaction are available to students, a…
- …and six accompanying principles: Input, interaction, Stages of Development, Erro…
- …texts, more not fewer opportunities for interaction, more not less flexibility, …
- Principle 2: interaction
- …struction, using a variety of input and interaction opportunities as described t…
- Second language acquisition requires interaction. Learners develop greater langu…
- Principle 2: interaction
- …e multiple and varied opportunities for interaction. When SL learners work to ma…
- …gely as a result of direct and multiple interactions with peers and teachers in …
Standards for Effective Pedagogy
Examining Current Realities
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- Characteristics of Caregiver-Child interactions
- …e and learns the joy of turn-taking and interaction.
- …d access to input, they can comprehend. interaction with others increases childr…
- Engages the child in social interaction.
Input and Second Language Acquisition
- …n takes place naturally. In adult-child interaction, as in teacher-fronted activ…
- … of language fast enough to sustain the interaction. Rather learners generate ut…
The Interdependence Hypothesis
- … which serve as a foundation for social interaction. All of this has happened be…
- …ment, as well as their skills in social interaction.
- …CS is acquired primarily through social interaction and it is used primarily in …
Code Switching and Interaction
Characteristics of Modifications for Interaction
- interactional Structure:
- …r what issues this raises for classroom interaction designed to help students le…
- …t of what happens to content in initial interaction between native and non-nativ…
Classroom Routines and Participation Structures
- …es impact students’ opportunities for interaction and language development. St…
- No opportunity to negotiate meaning in interaction for a purpose. Borrowing, len…
- The teacher controlled and structured interaction in limited ways.
- …-on-one help and more frequent language interaction was least accessible for tho…
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- …is the context it provides students for interaction and negotiating meaning. Thi…
- …0 minutes of whole-class, one-at-a-time interaction, a student is lucky to get o…
- … acquisition is determined by a complex interaction of a number of critical inpu…
Proficiency Levels Defined
- … peers. They seek social acceptance and interaction. By socializing, they get in…
- …e skills increase through listening and interaction, learners naturally increase…
pattern
What Is a Speech Community?
- …ol we bring more than the pronunciation patterns, lexicon, syntactic structures,…
- …ess than others. Some point to cultural patterns to account for differences in s…
- …pts. We shared language and interaction patterns with our peers that marked us a…
- …use the language and social interaction patterns that come to us. Only when we a…
- …on and linguistic styles, registers and patterns will be acceptable in our class…
Inclusive Pedagogy
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Concept 2: pattern
- Chart 2. The Concept of pattern
- …y variability in performance as well as patterns because the very context, tasks…
- Literacy development is patterned but not a linear process. As students learn mo…
- Second language acquisition is a patterned and gradual process of development ch…
- Second language acquisition is a patterned but nonlinear process. As new feature…
- …uses on three concepts—Communication, pattern, and Variability—and six accom…
- The concept of pattern asks mainstream teachers across all grade levels to under…
- … individual learner against the typical pattern of literacy development, they ar…
- …ee SL literacy concepts: Communication, pattern, and Variability. Each concept i…
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- …es on the important parts of the speech pattern.
- …nces the early recognition of the sound patterns of words and their associations…
- …is capable of great feats of memory and pattern recognition. Finally, you are su…
- … based on very complex systems of sound patterns, word meanings, word structure,…
- …are babbling with rhythm and intonation patterns characteristic of your caregive…
Vocabulary Development and Language Transfer
- …ildren in all societies learn the basic patterns of their language by the time t…
- …ic features such as vocabulary, grammar patterns, and so forth. The other is the…
Classroom Routines and Participation Structures
Proficiency Levels Defined
- …y work toward conforming their language patterns and usage to that of their peer…
- …s in the formation of complex syntactic patterns such as negation and question f…
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
- …ng that they produce. Teachers look for patterns in the student’s work, see wh…
- …ning a specific observation of an error pattern and giving concrete suggestions …
- …te and express their ideas. Recognizing patterns and developmental nature of err…
Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
- …nciple #3: There are different cultural patterns in language use
- …e child is attempting to figure out the patterns and rules that govern the langu…
- …erences through classroom communication patterns. For example, some children may…
Schumann's Acculturation Model
pedagogy
Coercive vs. Collaborative Relations
- Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power, pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire.…
- … he describes as transformative pedagogy (using teaching that helps students become…
- … his book Language, Power, and pedagogy (2000), Cummins explains that there are…
- … children, the appropriateness of the pedagogy used, and the purposes behind the…
Inclusive Pedagogy
- … This final characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy, classroom strategies, recogniz…
- Each teacher who embraces the Inclusive pedagogy framework as a tool to guide th…
- The aim of Inclusive pedagogy is to advance the education of all students, parti…
- Inclusive pedagogy, as a conceptual framework for professional growth, enables t…
- The Inclusive pedagogy Framework enables teachers to effectively collaborate to …
- …they teach. Through using the Inclusive pedagogy framework, teachers become bett…
- Inclusive pedagogy is a coherent and comprehensive framework which begins with a…
- …ing the other elements of the Inclusive pedagogy Framework we will next examine …
- As educators utilize the Inclusive pedagogy Framework, the main questions and in…
- The second characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy, Guiding Principles, rests on th…
- …imates this characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy asks that the educator first co…
- …rooms. This characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy, Essential Policy, focuses atte…
- Inclusive pedagogy is graphically represented as a wheel. Who is this child? Is …
Makoto Critical Incident
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the cros…
- Plan for variety in pedagogy
Five Curriculum Guidelines
Indicators of the Standards for Effective Pedagogy
- The Standards for Effective pedagogy Framework
- The Standards for Effective pedagogy were established through CREDE research and…
Examining Current Realities
The Threshold Hypothesis
Text Modification
Understanding BICS and CALP
performances
Inclusive Pedagogy
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- …prove the quality of their products and performances.
- Principle 2: Types of performances
- … Types of Proficiencies and 2) Types of performances. These principles focus on …
- …k, Types of Proficiencies, and Types of performances. Teachers who consider thei…
- • Assess unassisted and assisted performances (ZPD)
- … develop the types of proficiencies and performances needed for academic success…
- Principle 2: Types of performances
proficiencies
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- • Assess L1 and L2 proficiencies to individualize learning goals and instructi…
- Principle 1: Types of proficiencies
- … defined by two principles: 1) Types of proficiencies and 2) Types of Performanc…
- Principle 1: Types of proficiencies
- …elopment, Errors and Feedback, Types of proficiencies, and Types of Performances…
- …orting students to develop the types of proficiencies and performances needed fo…
stages of development
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Principle 1: stages of development
- Principle 1: stages of development
- …panying principles: Input, Interaction, stages of development, Errors and Feedba…
- …attern is defined by two principles: 1) stages of development and 2) Errors and …
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
variability
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Concept 3: variability
- Chart 3. The Concept of variability
- …econd language acquisition is marked by variability in performance as well as pa…
- The concept of variability—or attending to the individual differences among le…
- … concepts—Communication, Pattern, and variability—and six accompanying princ…
- …y concepts: Communication, Pattern, and variability. Each concept is defined by …