An Open Education Reader
I. Intellectual Property
1. James Boyle, “The Why of Intellectual Property”
2. James Boyle, “Thomas Jefferson Writes a Letter”
II. Free Software
3. Richard Stallman, “What is Free Software?”
4. Richard Stallman, “The GNU Project”
III. Open Source
5. Eric Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar”
6. Eric Raymond, “Homesteading the Noosphere”
IV. Open Content
7. David Wiley, “About the Open Publication License”
8. David Wiley, “Open Content: The First Decade”
V. Defining Free
9. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “The Four Freedoms Speech”
10. Richard Stallman, “Four Freedoms”
11. Erik Moller, “Freedom Defined”
12. Bruce Perens, “Debian Free Software Guidelines”
VI. Defining Open
13. Bruce Perens, “The Open Source Definition”
14. David Wiley, “Open Content”
15. OKFN, “Open Definition”
16. David Wiley, “The Access Compromise and the 5th R”
17. David Wiley, “Open Definitions, Specificity, and Avoiding Bright Lines”
VII. Open Source Software Licenses
18. GNU General Public License
19. BSD License
20. MIT License
21. Apache License
22. Comparison of Open Source Licenses
VIII. Open Content Licenses
23. Creative Commons Licenses
24. GNU Free Documentation License
25. Open Publication License
IX. Open CourseWare
26. Charles Vest, “Disturbing the Educational Universe: Universities in the Digital Age — Dinosaurs or Prometheans?”
27. History of MIT OCW
28. MIT OCW Evaluation Report (2005)
29. MIT Reaches OCW Milestone
30. David Wiley, “OpenCourseWars”
X. Open Educational Resources
31. UNESCO Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing
32. Cape Town Open Education Declaration
33. UNESCO, “2012 Paris OER Declaration”
34. Wiley, Bliss, and McEwen, “Open Educational Resources: OER Literature Review”
35. Boston Consulting Group, “Open Educational Resources: The OER Ecosystem”
XI. Open Textbooks
36. Nicole Allen, “Open Textbooks: A Cover to Cover Solution: How Open Textbooks are the Path to Affordability”
37. Frydenberg and Matkin, “Open Textbooks: Why? What? How? When?”
XII. Research in Open Education
38. OER Research Hub
39. Open Education Group
40. Marshall Smith, “Ruminations on Research on OER”
XIII. The Economics of Open
41. Yochai Benkler, “Coases Penguin, or Linux and The Nature of the Firm”
42. Yochai Benkler, “Common Wisdom: Peer Production of Educational Materials”
43. Yochai Benkler, “‘Sharing Nicely’: On shareable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic production”
XIV. Open Business Models
44. Eric Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron”
45. OSI, “Open Source Case for Business”
46. Various, “A Summer 2014 Conversation on Business Models in Open Education”
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Richard Stallman, “Four Freedoms”
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<p id="p_FPwp" name="p_FPwp" class="bg-light px-3 py-2 rounded text-secondary">Read the article at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Freedoms" target="_blank" class="" data-shortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/-RUJE" data-unshortened-url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Freedoms">https://edtechbooks.org/-RUJE</a></p><h2 id="p_zEJs" name="p_zEJs" class="">Background</h2><p id="p_Deoi" name="p_Deoi" class="">Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inspiring speech on the four freedoms provided Richard Stallman’s with a framework for declaring, in a hopefully inspirational manner, Four Freedoms in regard to software. Stallman, an MIT graduate concerned about the growing trend toward proprietary software started the Free Software movement which is now supported by the Free Software Foundation.</p><h2 id="p_DqIE" name="p_DqIE" class="">Key Points</h2><p id="p_EcaW" name="p_EcaW" class="">A program is “free software” if the program’s users have the four essential freedoms:</p><ol id="ol_twFm" name="ol_twFm" class=""> <li id="li_SiGg" name="li_SiGg" class="">The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.</li> <li id="li_UVuQ" name="li_UVuQ" class="">The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li> <li id="li_voPF" name="li_voPF" class="">The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.</li> <li id="li_FwyA" name="li_FwyA" class="">The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li> </ol><p id="p_JHvL" name="p_JHvL" class="">If software is licensed in a way that does not provide these 4 freedoms, then it is categorized as nonfree or proprietary.</p><h2 id="p_abcj" name="p_abcj" class="">Discussion Questions</h2><ol id="ol_usiC" name="ol_usiC" class=""> <li id="li_awRe" name="li_awRe" class="">What impact do Stallman’s Four Freedoms have on open?</li> <li id="li_DAIh" name="li_DAIh" class="">How is free different from open?</li> </ol><h2 id="p_SidP" name="p_SidP" class="">Additional Resources</h2><p id="p_Djkr" name="p_Djkr" class="">Free Software Foundation. (2013). What is Free Software. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html" target="_blank" class="" data-shortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/-awLr" data-unshortened-url="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">https://edtechbooks.org/-awLr</a></p>
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